For Whom The Bell Tolls :: essays research papers

Part II The title For Whom the Bell Tolls represents the vulnerability of life and predetermination, where the primary character in this story ends up in a progression of flighty circumstances that are outside his ability to control. The main certain occasion in life is passing and realizing this may transpire whenever, renders the hero feeble against fate, which he approaches with a fatalistic attitude. Part III For Whom the Bell Tolls happens in Spain, during the wicked common war, between the long stretches of 1938 and 1942. It disentangles among individuals who live in the country mountain zones of Spain. They had to slaughter others so as to endure and to shield their nation from fundamentalist. The earth where the activities unfurls are the roughed mountains. A great deal of executing happens in this story. It surely was a period of dread and distress. Numerous gallant military deeds are portrayed here: Robert Jordan and his gathering of internationalists undermined scaffolds, prepares and assembling. Bunches of workers are famished, tormented and executed, and numerous youngsters were left stranded. Part IV 1 "He lay level on the earthy colored, pine-needle floor of the timberland, his jawline on his collapsed arms, and high overhead the breeze blew in the highest points of the pine tree"(p.1) 2 "He crosses the stream, picked a twofold bunch, washed the sloppy roots clean in the present and afterward plunked down again alongside his pack and ate the perfect, cool green leaves and the fresh, peppery-tasting stalks"(p.12) 3 "Robert Jordan inhaled profoundly of the crisp evening demeanor of the mountains that possessed a scent like the pines and of the dew grass in the glade by the stream. Dew had fallen intensely sin the breeze had dropped."(p.64) 4 "Now the morning was late May, the sky was high and clear and the breeze blew warm on Robert Jordan’s shoulders."(p.311) 5 &quo t;Then he heard the far away, removed pounding and, looking into, he saw the planes"(p.329) 6 " Sweeeish-split blast! It came, the washing like the clamor of a rocket and there was another up-beating of earth and smoke farther up the hillside"(p.494) 7 "The others came behind him and Robert Jordan saw them going across the street and pummeling on up the green incline and heard the assault rifle hammer at the bridge"(p.505) 8 "He looked cautiously around the shrivels of the dead pony and there was a speedy pounding of discharging from behind a stone well down the slant and he heard the slugs from the submachine firearm crash into the horse"(p.

The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries

The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries Looking for treatment for psychological instability can be an overwhelming assignment. Indeed, even in the United States, where clinical consideration is generally simple to get, there is a shame encompassing psychological maladjustment. As far as I can tell of living in a little, affectionate network, I discovered it almost frightening to converse with my essential consideration doctor about the tension and gloom I was encountering. In my town, leaving my vehicle at the guiding focus resembled conceding that I couldnt deal with myself. The basic recognition in the network was that individuals need to suck it up and not depend on specialists or advisors to get past life. With this reasonable and pervasive disgrace against psychological instability and treatment, it took me years to at long last get the assistance that I required. This issue of shame was still at the forefront of my thoughts when I began searching for a subject for this exploration venture. I was interested about how non-Western and creating nations saw the issue and what was being done to help reduce the shame of psychological instability around the world. What is Stigma? So as to investigate emotional well-being shame in societies around the globe, we first need to see precisely what is implied by disgrace. The word reference meaning of shame is a characteristic of disfavor or disgrace; a stain or censure, as on ones notoriety (Dictionary.com). This is a decent spot to begin, however it doesn't precisely characterize the quantifiable parts of shame, which is important for analysts to have the option to consider it. Connection et al. (2004) talk about a few hypothetical points of view for belittling by and large and the disgrace of dysfunctional behavior specifically. Generally valuable for the motivations behind this paper is the structure spread out by Link and Phelen (2001) and examined and explained upon by Link et al. (2004) that proposes a few interrelated classes: naming, generalizing, isolating, passionate responses, status misfortune, and marks of shame reliance on influence structure. Naming is a characteristic way that people sort contrasts , and numerous names (shoe size, most loved nourishments) are not socially striking. Different names, for example, sexual inclination or nationality, are substantially more important. Both the determination of remarkable qualities and the making of names for them are social accomplishments that should be comprehended as fundamental segments of shame (Link et al. 2004). In the generalizing segment, the scientists recommend that the named contrasts are connected to antagonistic suspicions about the marked individual or others with comparable attributes. The following part of the shame procedure is isolating, which is the us versus them outlook. Connection et al. (2004) propose that one spot the underlying theoretical structure about disgrace is missing is in the underrepresentation of enthusiastic responses: We accept that this underrepresentation should be amended, in light of the fact that passionate reactions are basic to understanding the conduct of both stigmatizers and individua ls who are beneficiaries of vilifying responses. Status misfortune and segregation can be obvious, such as denying work to somebody with a psychological instability, however it can likewise be substantially more tricky and unavoidable. Connection et al. (2004) gives the model that significantly less subsidizing exists for schizophrenia research and offices for schizophrenia treatment are frequently situated in less attractive areas. The last part of the disgrace system is its reliance on power structures Link et al. (2004) express that this perspective is significant on the grounds that without social, social, financial and political force the idea of shame would be considerably less helpful. Since we comprehend in any event one manner by which disgrace can be characterized, we should next approach taking a gander at the manners in which shame is estimated. Connection et al.(2004) express that there is an extensive absence of investigation of psychological maladjustment disgrace in the creating scene they audited countless examined led around the world, and discovered just a couple in Asia and Africa, however the specialists clarified this may have been on the grounds that their survey was limited to English language diaries. This paper will concentrate on a couple of key examinations, yet it is sure that more investigation here is expected to get an inside and out gander at contrasts among societies and the overall shame of dysfunctional behavior. A few investigations center around the shame of everybody towards those with psychological instability, while others center around the assessments of individuals who experience the ill effects of dysfunctional behavior. One review I saw as especially fascinating and helpful is the World Mental Health Survey, in which subjects with emotional wellness issues were gotten some information about their apparent disgrace (Alonso et al. 2008). For this overview, disgrace was viewed as present if respondents announced both humiliation and saw segregation identified with disease. Among individuals with noteworthy movement impediments (i.e., in any event moderate trouble with perception, portability, self-care, or social), the apparent disgrace rate was most elevated in the Ukraine, with 32.1% of respondents detailing shame. The most reduced rate was 3.2% in Germany. The normal pace of apparent disgrace in creating nations was 22.1%, contrasted with 11.7% in created nations (Alonso et al. 2008, Table 1). The scientists finding was that apparent shame related with mental disarranges is general, yet extensively increasingly visit in creating nations; be that as it may, the ramifications of this finding were not examined, however they recommend it might hold any importance with explore social, social and wellbeing administration qualities that separate nations where patients feel less prohibited from nations in which patients are bound to report apparent disgrace (Alonso et al. 2008:312). The analysts additionally found that apparent disgrace is firmly connected with basic mental issue, especially with comorbid state of mind and tension (Alonso et al. 2008:306). The ramifications of this study are twofold: first, creating and created nations have various methods of partner shame with psychological sickness, in spite of the fact that the explanations behind this are not satisfactory. Second, individuals with dysfunctional behavior are substantially more prone to see shame ide ntifying with sickness than, for instance, individuals with interminable physical illnesses. Generally fascinating to me is the way that the insights from Alonso et al.s (2004) study shows that creating nations have almost twofold the pace of apparent shame as created nations. Investigations of Stigma in Developing Countries Lauber and Rossler (2006) directed an audit of writing that sums up aftereffects of research on the shame of psychological maladjustment in creating Asian nations. They express that this exploration is significant on the grounds that The disgrace of psychological instability and oppression mental patients are accepted to be a critical deterrent to advancement of emotional wellness care and to guaranteeing personal satisfaction of those experiencing dysfunctional behavior (Lauber and Rossler 2006: 158). They give an away from of how they characterized creating and created nations: A creating nation is a nation with a low-pay normal, a moderately lacking foundation and a poor human improvement list when contrasted with the worldwide normDevelopment involves building up a cutting edge framework (both physical and institutional), and a move away from low worth included divisions, for example, farming and characteristic asset extraction. Created nations for the most part have monetary frameworks dependent on persistent, self-continuing financial development (Lauber and Rossler 2006:160). This definition explains a portion of the general contrasts among creating and created nations. Lauber and Rosslers (2006) survey of writing found that individuals in creating nations in Asia are commonly scared of those with psychological instability. They additionally found that numerous investigations revealed respondents who felt that psychological maladjustment manifestations were an ordinary response to push; this finding recommends that familiarity with dysfunctional behavior and the requirement for clinical mediation is deficient in these societies. In any case, the consequences of these examinations are like the outcomes in Western nations (Lauber and Rossler 2006). Another finding of this examination was with respect to help-chasing practices: it is considerably more likely for those looking for help for psychological sickness to depend on relatives rather than proficient emotional wellness administrations (Lauber and Rossler 2006). I thought that it was fascinating that the analysts propose the distinctions in psychological well-being care in creating Asian nations i s expected not exclusively to an alternate social comprehension of wellbeing and medicinal services, yet additionally the trashing mentality of human services experts too (Lauber and Rossler 2006). Gureje and Lasebikan (2005) examined the utilization of treatment administrations for psychological instability in the Yoruba-talking some portion of Nigeria through eye to eye interviews with almost 5,000 grown-ups. They found that less than 1 of every 10 individuals with psychological wellness issue in the course of recent months had gotten any treatment at all, contrasted and 25% in the United States (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005). They additionally found that respondents who received treatment were considerably more liable to be treated in the general clinical area as opposed to by a psychological wellness expert; these outcomes are like those found in other creating nations just as created countries. Another critical finding was that individuals with dysfunctional behavior were extensively less inclined to utilize complimentary wellbeing suppliers than those with other non-mental clutters: This perception goes against the regular conviction that customary healers offer support for a high extent of people with mental scatters in creating African nations (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005:48). The creators recommend that a significant number of the issues with psychological wellness usage in Nigeria result from its deficient wellbeing administration faculty and offices, budgetary requirement, just as poor information on and negative disposition to menta

Incoming Students Employers Represented COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Incoming Students Employers Represented COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Last week I put up a post listing the universities/colleges our incoming MIA, MPA, and MPA-DP students attended.   I thought it might be of interest to do the same thing with most recent employers. This list does not include every single incoming student and some students worked for the same employer.   The list is also self reported and I did not attempt to look up all the acronyms or nail down regional locations. Quiz question for you what was the number one former employer of the incoming class by nearly a two to one margin?   See the end of the list for the answer. Accenture ACLU of San Diego Imper Actual Solutions AdAsia Communications Advancement of Girls Education African Development Bank Al-Tayer Group American Inst. for Research Aradiom Araujo Ibarra Asociados Assoc to Benefit Children Associated Group (AG) Associated Press atlantic-community.org Australian AID Azarmehr Associates, PC Banc of America Securitie Bank Information Center Bank of StandardChartered Barack Obamas Campaign Barclays Capital Barun Policy Institute Beach-Oswald Imm. Law BearingPoint, Inc Beijing Bailijia ST Deve Bharti Foundation Bloomberg L.P. BMA Advogados BNP PARIBAS Booz Allen Hamilton Boston Pacific Company Braskem S.A Bridgewater State Hospital British Army BrMedia Brown Lloyd James Brown University Bureau of Economic Analys Bureau of Labor Statistic C.I.A.N.A. Cabinet Office Cabinet Secretat of Japan California State Assembly Carnegie Endowment Intl CE Composites Baseball In CEMEX Center for Work-Life Pol. Central Bank of Chile Central Bank of Turkey Central Middle School Centre for Talented Youth CEPOL Childrens/Family Health China Radio International CIDA City Campus Citibank, Japan LTD. Citigroup Global Markets Clara H Carlson Elem Climate Lab Clinton Foundation Clinton Global Initiative Coca-Cola Commerzbank AG Community in Action Competition Commission SA CONFINDUSTRIA Congressman George Miller Constellation NewEnergy Constructora Pijao S.A. Consulate General Mexico Cornerstone Research Council of Europ County of Santa Clara CP Media Communications Createdebate.com Credit Suisse Credivalores S.A. Ctr Gender Refugee Cuatrecasas Abogados,SLP D.C. Public Schools Darjin Corporate, Ltd Davis Brody Bond Aedas Delegation of the Europea Democratic Leadership Council Departament of State Dept. of Foreign Affairs Der Spiegel Deutsche Bank AG DHL Exel Supply Chain AP District of Columbia Gov. DLA Piper UK LLP Drinker Biddle Reath Earth Institute, MVP Ecovolve Bioenergy Electronic Arts Embassy of Rwanda Emporio Energy Market Reg. Auth. Enrst Young, LLP Environment Ministry Japa Euromonitor International European Investment Bank European Union at the UN Experian F. I. Proctor Foundation Fairfield Greenwich Group Fed Res Bank of Dallas Fed. Reserve Bank of NY Financial Literacy Founda Fincere Limited Flip Media FZ-LLC Food Wine Magazine Foreign Affairs Ministry Fragomen Freelance Writer Editor French Government Freshfields Bruckhaus Frommer Lawrence Haug Fulbright Teaching Asst. GE Corporate Audit Staff General Atlantic Genocide Prevention Proj. German Parliament Global Environmental Inst Global Water Challenge Goldman Sachs Goldman Sachs JBWere Google Government of the Punjab GRADE Grameen America Grassroots Campaigns Inc. Green Mountain Coffee Greenberg Traurig LLP Greenpeace GreenPrint Technologies, GTZ Kenya Gwangmyeung Buk Gyeonggi Office of Ed. Hackers Language Research Hagerty Consulting Heartland Alliance Helping Hands Henry L. Stimson Center Hercules Studios Hertie School of Government HFM U.S. Hiranandani Upscale Hong Kong Insitute of Education Hoosiers for Jill Hotel Sonce-GA / LIPA House of Representatives HSBC Bank USA, N.A. HSBC Securities Egypt Human Rights Watch IBM Business Consulting ICRISAT IGCC, UC System ILumiLA Independent Contractor India Abroad Infinity s.r.l. Infocap InfoUSA, Inc. ING USFS InsideTrack Insight Collaborative Institutional Investor Insurance Deposit FOGAFIN Intermost International Fund Service International Institute International Rescue Committee Intl Justice Mission,IJM Intl Medical Corps Intl Rescue Committee Intl. Org. for Migration Intl. Rescue Committee Intrepid Sportswear, Inc IREX IRG IRG, Ltd. ITESM- Mexico City J.P.Morgan Chase James Irvine Foundation Japan Emergency NGOs Jenner Block LLP JICS Johns Hopkins CCGHE Juice Energy, Inc JWAC- Defense Department Kats for CongressCampaign Khemka Foundation Kids with Cameras KPMG LLP KWDI/ Korean Womens Deve KyungHee U.Medical Center L.E.K. Consulting, LLC LANDMARK EDUCATION Larovere Consulting Law Office of Allen Bloom Lawyers for Human Rights Leeb Capital Management Lehman Brothers LEK Consulting LG Electronics Inc. Liechtenstein Mission -UN Local Self-Govnt Unit M Squared Strategies MADRE Management Solutions Management Systems Intl Mantech International MaPS Marginal Change Mars Co Consulting Maryland Center China MasterCard Mayors Office McKinsey Company McMaster University McMaster-Carr Supply Comp MDRC Media International MennoniteCentralCommittee Mercedes-Benz Japan Merrill Lynch Metro Denver Partners Millennium Challenge Corp Min. of Fin. Econ Plg Min. of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Defense Ministry of Economy Ministry of Finance Ministry of Interior, Mex Ministry of Production Mint Newspaper MIT Mitsubishi Corporation Mnstry of Foreign Affairs MOFA Monetary Authority Morning Star Development Motcor S. A. MSA Kazakhstan Music Haven N. Univ. of Singapore N.O.Citizen Dipl. Council Nachman Associates P.C. Nat. Asso. Financ. Inst. National Congress of Peru National Geospatial Intel National Personnel Autho National Security Agency National Security Council National Water Comission Natl Endowment for Dem NERA Economic Consulting New Immigrant Community New York City Dept. of Ed New York Digital Corp. New York Legal Assistance NextFoods, LLC Nishikawa Board of Educ. Nomura Research Institute Norwegian Embassy Amman Novartis   Pharmaceuticals Nutrition Education Int NY Army National Guard NY County DAs Office NYANA NYC CCRB NYU Child Study Center OAS Obama For America ODAM Office of Yuji Fujimoto Office for Public Management Optimise Africa Oracle India Pvt. Ltd. Org. of American States Oxfam America Oxfam Japan Pacific Alternative Asset Pacific Injection Molding Pak Microfinance Network Parametrix Partners In Health PayUp Holding BV PBSJ Peace Corps PFM Strategic Consulting Planned Parenthood Planning and Dev. Board Point Made Films PricewaterhouseCoopers LL Prime Ministry Procter Gamble Asia Pte Proskauer Rose LLP Public Agenda Public School 003 Punjab Police PwC Advisory Ramasai Housing and Const Ray Magazine Red Cross Society of Chia Refugee Resettlement and Room to Read Ropes Gray, LLP Rotary International Royal Hashemite Court Rudy Giuliani Campaign Rush University Hospital Russia Partners Saint Marks Cathedral Samba Financial Group Santi Organization SAP AG Saudi Aramco School of the Future Scotia Capital (USA) Inc. SEIU Healthcare 775NW SEVAI SF Works Shirakawa City Hall Singapore Police Force SME Business Support Fund Société Générale Solana Consultores Songmasters SouthrnCntr for Int. Stud Spina Bifida Association STA Travel Standard Poors Standard Bank Asia State General Auditory Stephen Jeffries Assoc. Sturgeon Fund Suedostschweiz Superior Court of CT Survivors International Suzhou Ivy Education Cons Swadhaar FinServe Pvt. Lt Swedish Mission to UN Swedish Trade Council Swedwood LLC, IKEA Group Taiwan News TCF NATIONAL BANK Tea Lounge Teach for America Teach For India Tech Mahindra Brit Teleco TechnoServe Tert. Educ. Commission The Advisory Board The Boston Consulting Gro The Chinese Government The Copywritingsecret LLC The Fulbright Commission Government of Japan The Hudson Institute The Jeffrey Group The Korea Times The National Assembly The Office of Health Prom The Prime Ministry Office The Trevor Project The Washington Group The Word Bank Thomson Reuters ThoughtStorm Strategic Tianjing Electricity Comp TIME Magazine Topview Transatlantic Institute Transparencia Mexicana Trialogue Learning Group U.S. Department of State U.S. Dept. of Justice U.S. Dept. of Treasury U.S. Senate,Senator Boxer U.S.A.I.D. UANI UBS Investment Bank UBS Securities Japan Ltd UIC United Nations Industrial UN Global Compact LN-GCC UN Mission in Afghanistan UN office in Georgia UN World Food Program Undersec of Foreign Trade Undersec. Foreign Trade UNDP UNHCR UNHQ-DESA UNICEF Union Bancaire Privee United Nations United States Embassy United States Congress University of Indonesia Upwardly Global US Army US Attorneys Office US Department of State US Holocaust Memorial Museum US Marine Corps US Navy USAID Southern Africa Van Bael Bellis LLP Vice Ministry of   F Trade Virilion, Inc. WBUR Bostons NPR Station WeatherBug Wells Fargo Financial Wensli Group Westex Group, Inc Westside Community Church Westwood One/FOX News WI Conservation Voters Wildlife Trust WilmerHale WMH Corporation Women Moving Millions Womens Initiative World Bank Headquarters World Economic Forum Xinhua News Agency Yangtze Delta CDM Center Yeh Wah Arts and Language Youth Initiative for HR And the answer to the question the number one most recent employer of students joining us this fall was the U.S. Peace Corps.

Challenging Child Observation Assignment for Ece Essay

CHALLENGING CHILD OBSERVATION ASSIGNMENT For my observation assignment I chose Sam, a four-year-old boy who stays in my class for the aftercare program. I have worked with Sam previously in the camp last summer and became aware of his challenging behavior. For starters, he has a medical condition – he is prone to epilepsy (the cause is unknown). Sam is on medication and his doctors are constantly adjusting it and testing his condition. Sam’s parents asked teachers to be on the lookout for the warning signs of epilepsy. So far we have not witnessed any seizures at school, only the slight eye twitching/rolling or slight muscle jerks on the shoulders. I’ve noticed that this happens when Sam gets tired or overwhelmed by noise, too many†¦show more content†¦Then we came up with a job for Sam to perform during transition (he is a door holder). Since legos are Sam’s passion at the moment, we realized how important it is to encourage play and join Sam in his play, in which he is a commander of the lego guys and him and his â€Å"guys† are superheroes, saving the world from the â€Å"bad guys† (Ch.7, p.119), so the more items they pick up for clean-up, the less â€Å"bad guys† will come to get them. It’s a weird logic, but it worked a couple of times. I try not to use the word â€Å"bad guys† too much, but it seems to be something that Sam relates to somehow and it motivates him to do the right thing. 3. Sam and two of his buddies are playing in the yard. It’s time for clean-up. Everybody is told to pick up three items from the sand-box and put them in the storage bin. Children get busy putting things away, crowding in one area, sometimes bumping into each other by accident. This must have stirred up unnecessary agitation in Sam. He picks up the one of the small plastic toys and starts waving it in the air. When I remind Sam to pick up two more things, he continues to wave his arms like a propeller and at some point lets go of the toy. It crashes into my arm with the force that guarantees a bruise. I let out a cry of surprise. I do realize, Sam did not do it intentionally to hurt me, but it hurts and Sam is now looking at me with a worried look. I

The Last Of The Mohicans Essay - 1136 Words

In The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper, historical romance is apparent through settings, characters and plots. Cooper is considered by many critics to be the father of the American historical romance. Fred Lewis Patee said, Not only was Cooper the pioneer (of the historical romance) in America, and thus worthy of the highest praise, but in many respects his romances have never been surpassed.; (212) Cooper celebrated the creative spirit of the individual and had a deep appreciation for nature. He was a romantic who enjoyed the mysteriousness and exoticness of the frontier. He favored the use of emotions over reason. Through his romantic writings, Cooper is able to captivate the reader and led them on journey through his†¦show more content†¦He brings the reader into his unblemished world, where everything is pure. The setting in The Last of the Mohicans shows Coopers deepened appreciation of nature. Romanticism is also seen in the characters in the novel. The characters are manifestly impossible. (Pattee 212) Hawkeye is one of these impossible characters. He is an ideal character who is pure and untainted by the corruption of society. Hawkeye, like Cooper, is a romantic in that he has a deep respect for nature. Cooper uses Hawkeye to celebrate the creative spirit of the individual. Hawkeye, Chingachgook and Uncas are characters all folklores are about. They are the heroes that complete impossible task to help others. Cooper also portrays, in his novel, the stiff upper-class society and their true desire to escape to the frontier. (Magill 448) Cora and Alice represent the stiff, elegant society. The reader soon sees that under their refined life, they have a wanting to be freed; from their upper-class society. They want to escape this boring life and be allowed to live. They see the frontier as this pure, beautiful place where they can be freed of the control of their society. (4 48) Cooper uses characters to portray his romanticism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Romanticism can also be seen in The Last of the Mohicans in the plot. Coopers plots favor emotions over reasons. Cooper opens the novel with a historical atmosphere. However, this does not last forShow MoreRelatedThe Last Of The Mohicans969 Words   |  4 Pages The Film The Last of the Mohicans details the experiences of three members of a dying Native American tribe known as the Mohicans during the midst of the French and Indian War (1754-1763). In the film, a Mohican chief named Chingachgook along with his son Uncas and his adopted white son by the name of Nathaniel Poe are on a journey west in search of a new home. Along the way, Nathaniel Poe is recruited to escort the two daughters of British Army Colonel Edmund Munro to Fort William Henry in theRead MoreThe Last Of The Mohicans1611 Words   |  7 Pagesearly American literature, the prospect of interracial relationships and people from races other than Caucasian were looked at through fear-tinted lenses and seen as undesirable and distasteful. In examining James Fenimore Cooper’s novel The Last of the Mohicans, readers can discover that Cooper feels there are problems that can arise due to the mingling of races, while overcoming racial barriers and having interracial relation ships can result in advantages. Examining his literature can give much insightRead MoreThe Last Of The Mohicans865 Words   |  4 PagesJames Fenimore Cooper’s most well known novel is The Last of the Mohicans. This book has been adapted into TV movies, cartoons, and films. His story helped readers understand the importance Native Americans played in history. This period was known as the French and Indian War. Great Britain and France were fighting for control over North America. Worldwide, this conflict was known as the Seven Years War. Both would go on to last from 1754 to 1763. Each side would make allies with Native AmericanRead MoreThe Last Of The Mohicans931 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Last of the Mohicans† is a historical film directed by Michael Mann about the emerging love of two people as conflict, war and tragedy churns around them. The movie is set in 1757 in the midst of the French and Indian War. The characters and events in this movie help to reinfo rce the material covered in this course, such as the alliances formed between various Indian tribes and the French in an attempt to defeat the British. Fort William Henry was a British fort located in the colony of NewRead MoreThe Last Of The Mohicans1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe Last of the Mohicans Thesis This essay will consider why interracial love and friendships use to be important for the survival of some people, how it made conflict amongst people surrounded by one another , and what could have possibly happened if interracial relationships had not been desired. In the book , The Last of the Mohicans. SECTION HEADER The main thesis I wanted to focus on and the only one that caught my attention in this book would be Interracial love and friendships in The LastRead MoreReview Of The Last Of The Mohicans 1878 Words   |  8 PagesTayseer Abdelsalam 12/15/16 Early American Literature: Critique #3 The Book vs The Movie The main difference between, The Last of the Mohicans, book by James Fenimore Cooper and the last of the Mohicans movie, is that the book has a more adventurous theme and the moive has a more romantic and love them. I felt that both stories were extremely interesting. Due to the text’s complexityz and the author’s peculiar writing style, it took me quite a while to get into the story, thus reducingRead More the last of the mohicans Essay718 Words   |  3 Pages The Last Of the Mohicans The film is set in 1757, the third year of war between England and France for the possession of the continent. The center of the story is the most notorious event of the French and Indian War; the so-called massacre of British troops, women and children by General Montcalms Indian allies after the British surrender of Fort William Henry to the French on 9th August 1757. The Struggle between the French and English for control of North America became apparent in the lateRead MoreSummary Of The Last Of The Mohicans 1128 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasing prevalence of miscegenation, and James Fenimore Cooper fictionalizes several of them in his oeuvre. The two groups nonetheless had numerous conflicts, which led to racist opinions and prejudices on both sides. James Fenimore Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans, while endowing humanity to the Native Americans through certain character portrayals, actually reinforces stereotypes about Native Americans and ultimately suggests that they are an inferior race to whites. In the novel, Europeans feel superiorRead More Last of the Mohicans Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesLast of the Mohicans Last of the Mohicans is set in 1757 in the third year of a war in North America over land and territory. Mostly, the war is between the English and the French, but each side has taken up Indian allies to assist them. The main story in the Last of the Mohicans is the love of an adopted Mohican, Hawk-eye, and Cora, the daughter of an English general. There are also other stories embedded in the movie, which are harder to recognize. For instance, a second love story betweenRead MoreEssay about The Last of the Mohicans1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe Last of the Mohicans James Fenimore Cooper’s the Last of the Mohicans is a gripping novel that depicts the travel of 7 people through the dangerous woods of western New York in the late 18th century. The story takes place during the French and Indian war at the height of conflict. Major Duncan Heyward is accompanying singer David Gamut and the two daughters of the English colonel Munro from Fort Edward to Fort William Henry. Along the way, the four travelers discover that their Indian

Marketing Sample Free Essays

Canada is among the leading countries in economic production.   Since its industrialization, much has been achieved from the economic sector especially through manufacturing industries.   Butter fat, Sugars and alcohol could not complete diet until when some foods in Ball Park of 100grams of fat per 750ml bottle, cream liqueur was introduced in the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Sample or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The cream liqueur industries sales in seasons where by the peak is around October, November and December holidays which are the perfect holiday treat- permitted during the gluttony of the season. These sale seasons are cut back after New Year resolution kicks in (Bender Bender, 1995). Yet even in a climate of health conscious consumerism, cream liqueur sales continues to hold their own. In terms of market growth per year, the liqueur distributing brand reports a 1.7 per cent increment in its sales as compared with the previous 12 months, while   connect logistics in Alberta reports a   0.9 per cent increase for the same period. In some parts like Alberta, the figures are deceptive however, not included in the statistics but can be roughly half of cream liqueurs that benefits from a lower tax rate by being classified in the category with alcohol lender 17 percent.   This category division exists only in Alberta whose flagship cream liqueur lowered its alcohol content in order to distribute within the province.   Research shows that while the average consumer will not be able to detect the decreased alcohol, the price differential will be noticed. Canada has been unique in labeling restrictions which require liqueurs to have a minimum of 22 per cent alcohol.   This has in turn improved their sales both in quality and quantity.   It also implies that most cream liqueurs are actually classified as liquors in Great White, North.   In terms of sales this Canadian company maximizes its sales through selling predominantly on quality basis unlike other companies which attract customers through bargain of prices. This is why the industries continue to grow despite an influx of new products within the category.   The cream liqueur company has widely diversified its production because about 61 cream liqueurs products are in the market. Within the category, however, many agents agree Irish creams have the most staying power, while flavored cream come and go. Their products have fetched market even with international countries which is evident by Highwood distilleries whose sales of flavored creams have been dismissal and Highwood will be discontinuing their maple and chocolate Rose creams. Similarly, mountain crest is phrasing out its just deserts and fruits cream lines.   On the other hand, category leaders of cream liqueurs continue to have a strong presence in the market. Some other products like true Irish creams are made from Irish Whisky where the term often refers to any whisky based cream liqueur like Kemper’s Bavarian Cream made in Germany. Baileys original Irish Cream is still leading the park as number one selling brand in the world.   Launched in Dublin in 1974, Bailey was the very first commercially produced cream liqueur. Corolans Irish Cream Liqueur is ranked as the second best selling Irish Cream liqueur, both globally as well as in Western Canada.   Carolans is known for its honey taste and boosts lower price than its leading competitor. Amarula Cream, selling within the top four cream liqueurs in both Alberta and British Columbia, South Africa reported international volume growth of 12.7% in 2004.   This distell, is recognized for its environmental policies including elephant conservation initiatives (Bender Bender 1995). References: Bender D and Bender A, (1995). A   Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford, New York.    How to cite Marketing Sample, Essay examples

Marketing Sample Free Essays

Canada is among the leading countries in economic production.   Since its industrialization, much has been achieved from the economic sector especially through manufacturing industries.   Butter fat, Sugars and alcohol could not complete diet until when some foods in Ball Park of 100grams of fat per 750ml bottle, cream liqueur was introduced in the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Sample or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The cream liqueur industries sales in seasons where by the peak is around October, November and December holidays which are the perfect holiday treat- permitted during the gluttony of the season. These sale seasons are cut back after New Year resolution kicks in (Bender Bender, 1995). Yet even in a climate of health conscious consumerism, cream liqueur sales continues to hold their own. In terms of market growth per year, the liqueur distributing brand reports a 1.7 per cent increment in its sales as compared with the previous 12 months, while   connect logistics in Alberta reports a   0.9 per cent increase for the same period. In some parts like Alberta, the figures are deceptive however, not included in the statistics but can be roughly half of cream liqueurs that benefits from a lower tax rate by being classified in the category with alcohol lender 17 percent.   This category division exists only in Alberta whose flagship cream liqueur lowered its alcohol content in order to distribute within the province.   Research shows that while the average consumer will not be able to detect the decreased alcohol, the price differential will be noticed. Canada has been unique in labeling restrictions which require liqueurs to have a minimum of 22 per cent alcohol.   This has in turn improved their sales both in quality and quantity.   It also implies that most cream liqueurs are actually classified as liquors in Great White, North.   In terms of sales this Canadian company maximizes its sales through selling predominantly on quality basis unlike other companies which attract customers through bargain of prices. This is why the industries continue to grow despite an influx of new products within the category.   The cream liqueur company has widely diversified its production because about 61 cream liqueurs products are in the market. Within the category, however, many agents agree Irish creams have the most staying power, while flavored cream come and go. Their products have fetched market even with international countries which is evident by Highwood distilleries whose sales of flavored creams have been dismissal and Highwood will be discontinuing their maple and chocolate Rose creams. Similarly, mountain crest is phrasing out its just deserts and fruits cream lines.   On the other hand, category leaders of cream liqueurs continue to have a strong presence in the market. Some other products like true Irish creams are made from Irish Whisky where the term often refers to any whisky based cream liqueur like Kemper’s Bavarian Cream made in Germany. Baileys original Irish Cream is still leading the park as number one selling brand in the world.   Launched in Dublin in 1974, Bailey was the very first commercially produced cream liqueur. Corolans Irish Cream Liqueur is ranked as the second best selling Irish Cream liqueur, both globally as well as in Western Canada.   Carolans is known for its honey taste and boosts lower price than its leading competitor. Amarula Cream, selling within the top four cream liqueurs in both Alberta and British Columbia, South Africa reported international volume growth of 12.7% in 2004.   This distell, is recognized for its environmental policies including elephant conservation initiatives (Bender Bender 1995). References: Bender D and Bender A, (1995). A   Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford, New York.    How to cite Marketing Sample, Essay examples

Nozick Entitlement Theory of Justice

Introduction Libertarianism refers to a theory that advocates for individual freedom in terms of thoughts and actions, what will usually be referred as liberty. The ideology of libertarianism is founded on the principle of natural rights that existed before the advance of governments which is the reason that it advocates for personal liberty to come before the rights of the government.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Nozick Entitlement Theory of Justice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, libertarianism advocates for two major forms of freedom; in transfer of personal property and own life which it argues that a person should live his/her life as one would wish and that transfer of property should be unrestricted as long as it is consensual (Conway). This is the libertarianism ideology that Nozick subscribes to and which forms the basis of the Wilt Chamberlain argument which is going to be the focus of our discussion in this paper. The Wilt Chamberlain Nozick argument is an attempt to provide redress to the unfair distribution of resources which has historically existed. To do this Robert Nozick attacks all forms of patterned theories of justice distribution on three premises which he justifies using the following examples; the Wilt Chamberlain argument, the self-ownership argument and the Kantian argument (Conway). In Wilt Chamberlain example, Nozick reasoning proves that no form of patterned theory of just redistribution is defensible in the long run; this is basically because of the fact that free exchanges between individuals will as a matter of fact disrupt any preexisting pattern of just distribution and cannot also be relied on to achieve future ones (Conway). Because all forms of free exchanges are just, and all forms of just exchanges disrupts â€Å"patterned† theory of justice, then it goes that all free exchanges of property can never be patterned. In a nutshell Wilt Chamberlain argument as advanced by Nozick indicates that â€Å"liberty upsets patterns†, an unavoidable outcome that can only be evaded by either limiting peoples freedom or in that case Wilt Chamberlain freedom if we are to maintain a â€Å"patterned theory of just distribution† (Conway). Throughout this discussion this is the position that this paper will be evaluating by critically reviewing all related arguments, its major critiques and finally why this theory of just entitlement is more practical to achieve and favorable as opposed to patterned theories of just distribution. Entitlement Theory Entitlement theory refers to a model which provides a framework that explains just exchanges in private properties among individuals, what Nozick refers as a theory of â€Å"distributive justice† (Conway). In entitlement theory individual persons are regarded as ends in themselves but not as subjects to other peoples which is one of the principles of morality t hat Nozick raises in the cause of this theory. The entitlement theory is therefore the foundation of Nozick perception of what justice in holdings entails and it limits.Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such this theory is central to Nozick objection on patterned theory of just distribution because of its inference on all patterned theories limitations and shortcomings on sustaining just distribution of properties. The entitlement theory has three important theories; â€Å"principle of justice in transfer, principle of justice in acquisition and principle of rectification of justice† (Green). The first principle of justice in acquisition attempts to describe how the people might have initially obtained and owned private property historically which Nozick reasons must have been unjust given that it was earned illegitimately through exploitation of slave labor. It is from deduction of this principle that gives rise to the third principle of rectification in which Nozick brings forth suggestions of solutions that should be adopted to rectify the unjust distribution and ownership of property as described in the first principle of just appropriation. Hence, the third principle advanced by Nozick of rectification of injustice is actually an exploratory attempt to find lasting solutions of addressing these historical injustices that led to unjust distribution of property and acquisition. Towards this end Nozick tackles the issues of compensation, restoration and so forth in this section as possible solutions that might rectify the current situation. It is notable to mention that Nozick third principle of rectification is specifically developed to addresses the failures of the theory of just distribution which he perceives to be ineffective. The second principle of just transfer entails the process of voluntary property transfer between individuals that i s made on the basis of consensual agreement (Green). Thus just transfer is described to have occurred when there is freewill and consent made by a person when transferring or acquiring the property. These three principles of property ownership is what Nozick identifies as necessary for a legitimate holding of property and just distribution in what he refers as the entitlement theory (Conway). In his own opinion Nozick provides only two possible scenarios of a legitimately obtained property which is if it was originally acquired or transferred in a just manner, anything else does not constitute just holdings of property (Faser and Nozick). It is from these principles that Nozick develops three major forms of arguments one of which is the renowned Wilt Chamberlain argument which is an analogy that attempts to expound on the concept of entitlement theory.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Nozick Entitlement Theory of Justice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Because the Wilt Chamberlain argument is founded from the three principles of entitlement theory, let us briefly discuss the Lockean Proviso which Nozick advances to support the principle of just appropriation which he says obliges people to appropriate natural resources in just manner that must ensure â€Å"enough and as good in common is left to others† (Nozick). Lockean Proviso The Lockean Proviso is a theory advanced by John Locke which is one of the concepts contained in his labor theory of property; Nozick modified the Lockean proviso in order to advance the self-ownership theory that governs the historical acquisition of property (Nozick). Though Nozick’s Lockean proviso is compatible with John Lock self-ownership theory it has slightly been modified to specifically provide circumstances under which acquisition and transfer of properties must occur for it to be regarded as just. The Lockean proviso that Nozick advan ces to define the criteria for just appropriation of property states that â€Å"though every appropriation of property is a diminution of another’s rights to it, it is acceptable as long as it does not make anyone worse off than they would have been without any private property† (Nozick). To determine whether a property was originally acquired in a just manner three factors must be shown to exist; one, the process of acquisition should not disadvantage others that relied on the property for their survival, two, acquisition should not be based on enhancement of the property and finally the acquisition should not contravene any of the principles of just distribution of property (Nozick). Having discussed the foundation of Robert Nozick entitlement theory and the concepts of libertarianism let us now take a critical analysis of Wilt Chamberlain argument that Nozick advances to show how all patterned theories of justice cannot be achieved. Wilt Chamberlain Argument Wilt Ch amberlain argument that Nozick presents in this theory is the ultimate example of how the concepts of justice and liberty are incompatible as far as patterned theory of just distribution of properties are concerned. In this argument Nozick does succeed in indicating that people’s freedom of choice, herein referred as liberty is the greatest limitation to any patterned theory of just distribution of property. This is because liberty provides people with leeway to freely decide and make choices in the way that they choose to transfer or acquire good. In doing so it is not possible to achieve any form of uniform (patterned) distribution of the same goods because liberty entails the ability to make arbitrary and random choice of actions (Long).Advertising Looking for term paper on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand a patterned theory of just distribution requires two important considerations in transfer of goods i.e. it must be just in accordance with principles of entitlement that we have so far described and it must fit a particular â€Å"pattern† (Long). For instance the distribution of goods should be equal and just among all subjects before and after acquisition, or it is transferred in a manner that maximizes its utilization, or distributed by any other criteria that would promote equality; whichever the pattern it should be just and patterned. But as we shall see to achieve this outcome it will be extremely hard and would ultimately require the sacrifice of personal liberty if a patterned just distribution of wealth is to be achieved. Let us now analyze the Wilt Chamberlin argument point by point; premise one of the arguments requires us to imagine a state where just distribution of goods has already taken place based on any of the several patterned theories of just distribution which we can choose from. Our interest will be in the following points that Nozick is going to raise in this argument starting with point number two; in this case several people are described to have freely consented to buy tickets in order to obtain rights necessary to see Wilt Chamberlain play basketball. This point raises two fundamental issues, one, the principle of liberty and two, theory of just distribution of wealth. Because the people enjoy the freewill to transfer their resources as they wish there is the aspect of liberty in this process of wealth distribution. The resulting distribution of goods leads to Wilt being able to acquire more resources than any other person in the society now that he has significantly higher amount that was contributed by several of the members in this hypothetical society. The question then becomes is this resulting distribution of wealth just? To answer this question will have to look more closely at what John Rawl has to sa y in A Theory of justice which we shall look at later on, but in a nut shell according to Nozick just distribution of goods is describe to have occurred if any of these two conditions are satisfied. For previously unowned property if â€Å"enough and as good is left to the others to appropriate† or if transfer of goods has been freely consented to; in our case the second condition applies and we can therefore determine Wilt newly acquired wealth to be just and legitimate (Conway). In any case the consenting members willingly chose to transfer this portion of their wealth in exchange of the luxury of watching Wilt play the basketball. This seemingly arbitrary action has two major ramifications in that one it upsets the just distribution of goods and two because of their choice another group of the society members would be thought to be far worse now than was originally the case before this choice was made by the other section of the society, an outcome that would make one ques tion whether indeed this transfer of wealth was just. These outcomes are the major issues that Nozick is raising in his theory of libertarianism which as we have seen are incompatible with any form of theory that advocates for patterned just distribution of goods. For example in order to sustain the status quo which would certainly maintain the original just distribution of resources which we had assumed to be equal and just for the sake of this argument, it would mean completely curtailing the liberty of people to transfer goods regardless of their consent, this is unlikely to be the case in any form of society. The other option would be drastic reduction of liberty in order to achieve a desired form of just distribution of goods which Nozick states is still unacceptable regardless of the extent of the limitation in freedom of choice. The reasons for this premise is best illustrated through another argument that Nozick illustrates, that of self-ownership which also justifies one of the principles that is expounded by the Wilt Chamberlain argument; that of liberty. The Self Ownership Argument This is the second most important argument that Nozick advances to justify and defend the theory of libertarianism; the self-ownership theory states that â€Å"individuals own themselves – their bodies, talents and abilities, labor, and by extension the fruits or products of their exercise of their talents, abilities and labor† (Dammon). Thus, because people own themselves they should be at liberty to do what they choose without being regulated by any form of authority, of course as long as their actions are not adverse to the welfare of the other members of the society. This principle of liberty that Nozick is advancing here is essentially the same principle that he is trying to defend in the Wilt Chamberlin argument. But the self-ownership theory is also trying to advance another line of thought; that of slavery, which again implies lack of liberty because individuals in this case are bound to work extra without their volition in order to cater for the welfare of others. This is what Nozick is referring as slavery, which is slightly so because there is no choice in failing to pay the tax (Birch). In extent other people ends up benefiting from this unjust distribution of resources, and not only this since this scenario also raises another important issues of morality. Because peoples are ends in themselves, moral principles demands that people not be treated as objects which is the case when they are exploited for the benefit of others; more specifically the resulting wealth that emanates from this arrangement can only be unjust. This is based on the second principle of entitlement theory which Nozick states must involve voluntary and free consent; since this is not the case, this wealth must be considered to be unjust. But it must be noted this is only for that part of the tax which the government collect which is not channeled towar ds the three key functions that Nozick thinks should be the role of a minimal State; protection from fraud, theft and security (Nozick). In the following section let us take an objective criticism of the various principles that Nozick raises in his discussion of libertarianism theory in general and more specifically in the entitlement theory. Discussion on the Critique of entitlement theory and Libertarianism It is a fact that all forms of patterned theories of just distribution are incompatible with the principles of entitlement theory or in that case those of libertarianism; indeed as we have so far indicated they are mutually exclusive. Having said that what Nozick advocates as the way forward out of this quagmire appears to be impossible to achieve; faced with a choice of sacrificing either the liberty that people enjoy in acquisition and transfer of wealth or disruption of patterned just distribution of resources, Nozick chooses to sacrifice patterned just distribution theory r ather than liberty. Being a libertarian, freedom of choice is a necessity that Nozick thinks should not be reneged for the sake of maintaining a patterned just distribution of wealth; the question then becomes is this option the most favorable to make under the circumstances. To answer this question we need to consider the implications that result from this choice as well as the principles that are contained in A Theory of Justice by Rawls. As far as freedom of choice is concerned most critiques of this premise argues that unrestricted freedom of choice negatively affects other members of the society that would not otherwise be the case if liberty was limited. However I find this not to be a serious objection because failure to choose is actually a choice in itself; in that case, the section of people that argues were made worse off by the choice of those who chose to pay for Wilt chamberlain ticket actually also did make a conscious choice of not paying for it. In both instance the aspects of consent and free will are seen to be present. In A Theory of Justice Rawls derives the First Principle of Justice and the Second Principle of Justice from one of the key theories that he discusses; the difference principle. The First Principle states that â€Å"each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive scheme of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar scheme of liberties for others† (Hikaru). This principle largely attempted to guarantee the basic human rights of all the persons in a society which is seen to be the case in this argument, this is because the liberty of the first group of people who to chose to buy Chamberlain ticket does not in any way lessen the liberty of the second group that chose not to pay for it. The next critique of Nozick theme is based on his self-ownership theory; true the inferences that Nozvick arrives through this stream of thought appear to be radical but certainly not outrageous. The point of contention in this case is not the moral or ethical issues that surround slavery, but rather the undesirable outcome that unwillingly forces someone to work without their consent for the sake of other people. This robs the individual a degree of liberty and propagates the distribution of unjust wealth; so to say that people who pay tax are essentially in control of their life as compared to slaves is a very flimsy argument that holds no water. The major characteristic and the only feature of slavery which makes it so evil is its nature that requires someone to work for whatever reasons, be it for good or otherwise without their consent in what amounts to coercion. Indeed the current system that has been put in place by the government to ensure compliance of tax laws amounts to coercion and forced labor for the simple reasons that you cannot earn unless you pay tax. Besides, taxation system is seen to significantly curtail the freedom of choice; its justification by the government therefore fails the test of objective principles of justice which Rawls describes can only â€Å"be chosen behind a veil of ignorance† (Hikaru). In any case Rawls theory of justice seem to agree that individuals should be left alone to decide whether to allocate part of their wealth by choice to less fortunate in the society because the government distribution system of â€Å"taxed† wealth cannot be said to be unbiased. In A Theory of Justice Rawls recognizes the fact that all individuals desire to achieve a desirable end through the application of principles of justice which requires just consideration of their fellow human beings (Hikaru). It is on this basis that Rawls advances the principle of fair choice situation which is aimed at providing a person with acceptable alternatives of arriving at a reliable determination of justice under ideal conditions. The principles of justice which is the central concept in A Theory of Justice ideology is developed through a process that Rawls describes as the Original Position which refers to a hypothetical position from which all individuals adopt when attempting to arrive to a certain principle of justice (Lennon). This is what Rawls refers to as the Veil of Ignorance in which he is actually describing personal biases or circumstances that essentially prevent someone or institutions in this case from making a fair assessment of a given principle of justice, which is the reason why the wealth distribution by the government is unjust. This veil of ignorance that limits someone or an institution from making an objective determination of principle of justice include level of intelligence, talents, social status, assets and strengths. Hence, the veil of ignorance that are described to exist in the Original Position are what enables an individual to determine and choose an ideal principle of justice that is free from bias (Lennon). As a result this perspective of Original Position leads to what Rawls describes as â€Å"a m axim strategy which would maximize the prospects of the least well-off† and therefore enable equal distribution of economic resources in the society (Lennon). But since this is not even the case no justification of tax should be presented despite the fact that this line of reasoning is beside the point of why tax should not be allowed; this is because tax cannot be justified even in circumstances that can be shown to lead to just distribution of resources. Nevertheless, this would be the position that the principle of justice would hypothetically hope to achieve when applied in an ideal society, but the same principle of justice that Rawls advances does also provide for inequality to occur in the society but only under specific circumstances, at this point this principle diverges from the Nozick theory of entitlement. Let us now finally discuss the third widely held objection to Nozick theory of entitlement which vilifies Nozick objections of wealthy people from helping the po or based on the morality principle which emanates from the Kantian argument. Foremost let see what Rawls has to say about this in his Theory of Justice; the foundation of A Theory of Justice ideology is anchored in two important principles. These two principles of liberty and equality are incompatible as we have just determined to be the case in Nozick theory of entitlement; this is because liberty will always upset any theory of just distribution or equality in this case. But just to mention Rawls attempted to reconcile this incompatibility using two different perspectives i.e. circumstances of justice and the fair choice situation which he concludes are the two circumstances that often confront an individual (Hikaru). But this is not really the point of our focus; in advancing the difference principle Rawls specifically mentions that inequality in the distribution of resources should only occur if â€Å"it is to the advantage of those who are worst-off† (Hikaru). Now if we look back at the circumstances that result from this new form of unequal distribution of wealth we get to see it is certainly not to the advantage of the â€Å"worst-off† who would be the poor, in this case it is the likes of Chamberlain who are benefiting from the proceeds of a just distribution. If this â€Å"unequal distribution† does indeed fail to benefit the poor are we not obliged to help the poor in this case in contravention to Nozick morality principle; I would concur, but first there are two things to consider. One is the conditions that I would be expected to be obliged in helping the poor, note that if this is enforceable for instance in form of taxes that would be contravening my liberty which would make it unjust. Two, we might need to determine if there is really any form of wealth distribution that can occur in a manner that can be described to be equally distributed among individuals in a capitalist State. Because neither the first condition nor the s econd can be guaranteed with certainty this objection to Nozick theory of entitlement is both valid and void depending on the outcomes of the two conditions. Conclusion Indeed no patterned theory of just distribution is defensible, yet we must have both aspects of liberty and justice to achieve an equal distribution of property in the society. By its own standards, I find the just distribution of property to have failed the test in more than one way; this is because if the original holding of properties were justly appropriated we will then have no basis to compel the likes of Wilt Chamberlain to provide for the less fortunate by claiming they owe them in their acquisition. I would suppose that everyone has the same amount of wealth originally, that is if we are to go by the principles of â€Å"patterned theory†, but we know this not to be the case which makes this theory unreliable. The patterned theory and all forms of just distribution also fails another serious test of it applicability because it relies on a clearly equitable system through which it expects to achieve an equal distribution of resources. There are two reasons why a patterned just distribution of wealth cannot be achieved; because of the capitalism system and the fact that States have always failed to choose reliable systems of equating wealth because they lack what John Rawls refers as â€Å"veil of ignorance†. A critical look at the concept of patterned theory that attempts to achieve just distribution of wealth indicates that it actually defeats this very purpose; this is because limiting the liberty to freely transfer property also ultimately limits the acquisition and distribution of the same property by the same extent. If the ability of people to acquire resources is also curtailed how is it possible to achieve a just distribution of the same properties? In such a predicament I would say Nozick principle of rectification does present a favorable option. Works Cited Birch , A. The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy. London: Routledge Publishers, 1993. Print. Conway, D. Nozick Entitlement Theory of Justice, 1990. Web. Dammon C. A Farewell to Marx: An Outline and Appraisal of his Theories. California: Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1987. Print. Faser, E. Nozick, R. Anarchy, State and Utopia, 2005. Web. Green, M. The Entitlement Theory of Justice. New York: Basic Books, 1974. Print. Hikaru, O. Ethical Theories-John Rawls: A Theory of Justice, 2009. Web. Lennon, J. Business ethics: Metaethics, applied ethics and normative ethics, 2009. Web. Long, R. Robert Nozick: Philosopher of Liberty, 2002. Web. Nozick, R. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books, 1974. Print. This term paper on Nozick Entitlement Theory of Justice was written and submitted by user Karsyn H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The S.E.C. and the Freedom of Information Act

The S.E.C. and the Freedom of Information Act Abstract This report highlights three different business statutes that currently function in the business communications environment of the United States: the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA), and the Freedom of Information Act. This report analyzes the impact of a recent interpretation of a provision of the Freedom of Information Act by the Securities and Exchange Commission that governs public disclosure.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The S.E.C. and the Freedom of Information Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The S.E.C. and the Freedom of Information Act This report highlights three different business statutes that currently function in the business communications environment of the United States: the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA), and the Freedom of Information Act. A recent case concerning the application of the Freedom of Information Act and public disclosure in the activities of the Securities and Exchange Commission warrants closer analysis. This report will analyze the impact that the Freedom of Information Act has upon the financial regulator and what impact recently passed financial reform legislation will have on the public. The Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) protects electronic communications in the business environment such as emails, text messages and wireless device transmissions, and ensures that these messages cannot be captured or screened without the express consent of the parties in question (Hunsinger 2010). However, some caveats apply in the business context. If there exists a need to protect business property, or a â€Å"valid business purpose† necessitating the acquisition of employee emails, an employer may do so under this act with the permission of the employee in question (Hunsinger 2010). Most compa nies achieve this end through via a blanket company policy which all employees sign (Hunsinger 2010). As a general rule, employees cannot expect the same â€Å"reasonable expectation of privacy† on a server owned by their employee as they can on the server that operates their personal email (Hunsinger 2010). The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) covers employee privacy in the realm of health information (Sullivan 2004). This act regulates, oversees and protects the security of electronic health data such as medical records and establishes national standards which employers abide by for employee health insurance plans (Sullivan 2004).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The act’s main purpose and challenge remains to balance the needs of employers to provide economically viable health insurance coverage for their employees agains t the needs of employees, namely, so that employee health information remains secure and cannot be used against them in a discriminatory manner (Sullivan 2004). The Freedom of Information Act became law in 1966 and protects the right of the citizens of the United States to â€Å"request access to federal agency records or information† (Henry 2003). The act was meant to balance the needs of the government to maintain some level of secrecy and privacy in its information gathering and storage against the rights of the American public to request and receive accountability from its leaders. Each agency of the United States government must comply with written disclosure requests except in cases where the information requested is protected by exemption or exclusion (Henry 2003). The Freedom of Information Act applies only to federal bodies; each state retains its own statute that manages public requests for state and local government information (Henry 2003). The remainder of this r eport studies two newspaper articles that reported a new financial regulation provision that came into law in 2010. Under this law, according to Sorkin (2010), the federal financial regulatory body the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) gained an exemption from public disclosure of requests for information filed under the Freedom of Information Act (Sorkin 2010). The details of the exemptions include â€Å"surveillance, risk assessments, or other regulatory and oversight activities† (Sorkin 2010). John Nester, a spokesperson for the SEC, explained that â€Å"the new provision applies to information obtained through examinations or derived from that information (Prial 2010). Nester intimated that the SEC’s expansion of its existing modes of surveillance and risk assessment efforts† have been undertaken to affect â€Å"more sophisticated and effective Wall Street oversight† (Prial 2010). In order to achieve this, the SEC argues, it requires the  "ability to obtain documents and other information from brokers, investment advisers and other registrants,† therefore this new provision gives the SEC more access during their examinations and ensures that brokers and financial investment advisers and other registrants can no longer refuse to comply with any SEC requests for documents under previous confidentiality expectations (Prial 2010). The impact of this new provision, critics argue, will essentially result in a complete block to all transparency efforts on behalf of the American public in the already shadowy world of high finance (Prial 2010). Since the SEC is a regulatory body, the so-called â€Å"surveillance, risk assessments, or other regulatory and oversight activities† will render nearly every document by the SEC unobtainable (Sorkin 2010). Federal agencies and members of Congress may continue to request information from the SEC however the public has been officially shut out (Prial 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The S.E.C. and the Freedom of Information Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the business context, this new provision has significant ramifications for transparency goals in the wake of the recession, not to mention the continued efforts of the media to maintain public accountability in the financial world. The recent Bernie Madoff Ponzi scheme provides the most salient example of how this provision may provide an obstacle for corporate governance and communication transparency objectives on behalf of both business and the public (Prial 2010). News media outlets such as FOX Business Network regularly employ the Freedom of Information Act to affect oversight of the SEC itself on behalf of the American public and investors (Prial 2010). FOX Business Network took legal action against the SEC in the spring of 2009 on account of the federal body’s refusal to hand over documents pertaining to the failed SEC investigations into â€Å"alleged investment frauds being perpetrated by Madoff and R. Allen Stanford† (Prial 2010). Upon the arrest of Madoff and Stanford, it came to light through documents acquired under the Freedom of Information Act, that the SEC had carried out â€Å"investigations into both men prior to their arrests but failed to uncover their alleged frauds† (Prial 2010). Similarly, the Freedom of Information Act was employed on behalf of the public following the AIG bailout in 2009 (Prial 2010). With this new provision, critics argue that the SEC will not only wield carte blanche but their mistakes will escape notice, which may lead to more catastrophic frauds such as the Madoff scandal (Prial 2010). According to Prial (2010) should the interpretation of this new provision stand up in court, critics predict that â€Å"the next time there is a Bernie Madoff failure the American public will not be able to obtain the SEC documents that describe t he failure† (Prial 2010). Observers anticipate that members of the media and media networks will likely launch a legal challenge countering the SEC’s interpretation and demanding that the provision be rescinded in light of possible abuse by the SEC (Prial 2010). According to Prial (2010) â€Å"the backroom deal†¦was cut between Congress and the SEC to keep the SEC’s failures secret. The only losers here are the American public† (Prial 2010). Reference List Henry, C.L. (2003). Freedom of information act. New York: Nova Publishers. Hunsinger, J. et al. (2010) International handbook of internet research. New York: Springer Publishing.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Prial, D. (2010, July 28). SEC says new financial regulation law exempts it from public disclosure. FOX Business News. Retrieved from https://www.foxbusiness.com/ Sorkin, A.R. (2010, July 28). S.E.C. said to see new limits on its disclosures. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/section/business/dealbook Sullivan, J.M. (2004). HIPAA: a practical guide to the privacy and security of health data. Chicago: American Bar Association.

Reasons Why Some Dont Get into Graduate School

Reasons Why Some Don't Get into Graduate School Youve spent years preparing to apply to graduate school: taking the right courses, studying for good grades, and seeking appropriate experiences. Youve taken the time to prepare a solid application: GRE scores, admissions essays, recommendation letters, and transcripts. Yet sometimes it doesnt work out. You dont get in. The most qualified of students can do everything right and still sometimes not get admitted to graduate school. Unfortunately, the quality of your graduate school application isnt the only thing that determines whether you get into graduate school. There are other factors that have nothing to do with you that influence your acceptance. Just as in dating, sometimes Its not you, its me. Really. Sometimes a rejection letter is more about the graduate programs capacity and needs than about the quality of your application. Funding A loss of funding at the institutional, school, or department level can reduce the number of applicants they can support and accept.Fewer funds for Teaching and research assistantships can mean accepting fewer studentsMany students are admitted to work with particular faculty and are supported by faculty members grants. A change in grant funding means that some qualified students will not be admitted.You dont have control over any of these factors, but the availability of funding has a huge impact on the likelihood that you will be admitted to a graduate program. Faculty Availability Whether faculty are available and able to take on students influences the number of students who are accepted in any given year.Faculty are sometimes away on sabbaticals or leaves. Any students who would be accepted to work with them are often out of luck.Sometimes faculty are overloaded and do not have space in their lab for another student. Good applicants are turned away. Space and Resources Some graduate programs require that students have access to laboratory space and specialized equipment. These resources can accommodate only so many students.Other programs include internships and other applied experiences. If there are not enough slots, then well-prepared students do not get admitted to the graduate program. If you are rejected from your preferred graduate program, recognize that the reasons may not lie with you. Often there are factors are beyond your control that influence whether you are accepted to graduate school. That said, keep in mind that rejection is often due to applicant error or, more commonly, the poor fit between the applicants stated interests and the program. Pay attention to your admissions essay to ensure that your interests fit those of the faculty and program.

Rafaella Sartis Europe at Home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rafaella Sartis Europe at Home - Essay Example Furthermore, Sarti not only studied material objects from their "economic point of view, but also in their symbolic and cultural cointexts" (Schuurman). More truly, Sarti exhibited less interest in general economics, and more in the diversity of gender, religion and wealth instead of in explaining the formulation or dynamics of those differences. As a matter of fact, Schuurman stated that there was "no direct relationship between the choice of research area and the research questions asked of it," when social history should have been more about the "choice of theme or social group" and not about the "choice of region." the three functions of a household, namely, reproduction, consumption, and production, with much emphasis on consumption. However, she paid no attention to the production sphere although she has included this as one of the functions. And even with the consumption sphere, Sarti unfairly left out the objects that played a large role in the diversity which she centrally addressed, those related to tea and coffee. The first chapter was about th

Strategic management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategic management - Term Paper Example The paper tells that strategic management pertains with the aspect of strengthening the performance of employees, as well as managers to help improve the company’s performance and increase their service proficiencies. Concerning strategic management, this study will dwell on performance management as it is believed to be the core function of strategic management to help employees to improve their skills, knowledge and attitude within a workplace. Employee performance is important because this is a base for having long-term relationship with clients who will become potentially returning clients that will be seeking health care services. Employee performance won’t be able to become competitive without the guidance of strategic management because this is one of the most reliable tools to maintain the highest possible professionalism which can be applied to the organization’s employees. As a consultant, it is essential to provide a brief examination of the organizati on’s performance to determine all kinds of employee performance that will be the center for improvement. The study has chosen health care organization because health care organizations are, to some extent, based on employee’s performance due to the health care services they offer to clients needing medical attention. Health care organization has its own management structures that are operated by different non-medical employees and staff members to handle non-medical related activities. This includes human resources management that is responsible for structuring staff positions to make work limitations for staff in order to to work efficiently, as well as to increase the organized structure of the health care organization. This study will seek to find out all kinds of issues that concern management structures effecting the operations of health care organizations at a specific period of time. Health care organizations give more impression through health care services but people are not aware that there are management structures within the framework of these organizations, as showed by Luelco (2008). They have uniquely organized structure that is different from that of business organizations; that is why these organizations have unique management structures which can be relied on as a role model for other institutions. Health care organization requires significant amount of management procedures in order to create organized structure of health care services that will be available and accessible to the public. Health care organization cannot operate effectively without well-organized process of management because management helps to organize all kinds of operations and facilities that will benefit health care organization’s degree of rendering its services to the public. This study will seek to present the significance of management structure that exists within health care organizations so that the reader can understand and appreciate the stud y by having additional knowledge regarding management principles that can exist within other organizations, not only in health care institutions, as claimed by Castillejos (2007). Human Resources: Strategy and Role within Organizations The human resources will be governed by the supervising manager that will be responsible for improving the performance of employees, as well as

Logistics Management of FedEx Corporation (FDX)

Logistics Management of FedEx Corporation (FDX) Global Logistics Introduction Logistics is the overall management of the flux of commodities, selective information and other resources, including free energy and individuals, within the provenience and the place of economic consumption with the objective of meeting the demands of customers (especially, military organizations). Logistics postulate the consolidation of data, transportation system, armory, repositing, material-wielding, packaging and promotion. Logistics management is that component of the supply chain which projects, enforces and checks the effective, frontward and overturns flux and storehouse of commodities, services and interrelated data (Tompkins Harmelink, 2008). In the business sector, logistics might have either inner focus (inward supply), or outside focus (outward supply) tracking the flux and reposition of materials. The primary works of a qualified logician include stock management, purchasing, transport and shipping, repositing, consultation and the coordination and designing of these activities. Software system is used for logistics mechanization, which aids the supply chain industry in automatizing the workflow as well as management of the organization. Production logistics assures that each machine and workstation is being flowed with the right merchandise in the right measure and lineament at the right point (About FedEx, 2008). The paper describes a global logistics organization. The organization that I have selected is FedEx Corporation (FDX), which is a popular logistics services company. It is established in the United States. Earlier, FedEx was known as Federal Express Corporation, Federal Express and FDX Corporation. FedEx is coordinated into different functioning units, each of which possesses its own variant of the word label, planned by Linden Leader of Lander Associates, in 1994. For each division, the Fed is in purple color and the Ex in a different color according to the divisions. The master FedEx logotype featured the Ex in orange; it is nowadays used as the FedEx Express word label. The FedEx word label is noteworthy for incorporating a concealed right-heading pointer in the negative blank space between the E and the X (About FedEx, 2008). Factors that impact transportation needs There are many factors, which affect the transportation requirements for global logistics. Some of them are explained below:- Energy: It is a very significant factor that affects the transportation needs. If there is any increase in the cost of electricity, fuel, etc., it will create a great impact on the operating cost and thus will affect transportation. There are many transportation projects that are feasible, but fail due to the energy factor. For this, solutions to conserve energy should be developed while striving to achieve the goals. Some ways to conserve energy resources are: Suspension programs: This implies minimal power usage during off- shifts and providing incentives to the users who cut back their usage during high load periods (Tompkins Harmelink, 2008). High-ratio units: This involves the installation of high efficiency gadgets, with no performance penalty. It requires investment, which reduces the payback and also the monthly bill. The rising cost of fuel is a very sensitive issue whether it is concerned with third party transporters or private fleet. Some strategies to overcome this are:- Mode assessment: According to the service requirements, the mode of assessment can be changed, which can result in reduced freight cost. Transportation management systems (TMS): This system can provide proper planning and effective load tendering and result in substantial savings. Private fleet concerns: They can attain control over the fuel cost and its usage. The investment can be reduced by eliminating one or more fuel supply chain links. Off-Highway Vehicles: In the United States, issues continue to be under scrutinies that are related to environment and air quality. If there are more stringent air regulations, it will affect warehousing. For this, electric vehicles can be used in place of non- electric vehicles. As a result, manufacturers of electric rolling stock will give great power and efficiency vehicles (Tompkins Harmelink, 2008). Price: Price is an important factor in determining the transportation partner for many companies. Past trends and records do not relate to the future performances. Presently, companies require efficient, effective and minimum transportation cost. Competition is growing at a fast pace in the logistics industry and the companies, which operate with core values at low price become successful in the market. Global Marketplace: Global impact must always be viewed in the changing supply chain. Transportation and operation system should be designed in a way that products and packaging can be accomplished easily by the international customers. Exporting services include inbound and outbound freights to carry on international transactions. The company should provide 24 hour services for the customers (Tompkins Harmelink, 2008). Weather: It is also a significant factor that affects transportation system. If there are any weather uncertainties, it will negatively affect the transportation activities and can bring losses for the company. It can also affect the market functions and the exchange rates. Logistics Methods The logistics activities are carried out differently in different geographical area. If it is a local transaction, it can be carried out through roadways i.e. by vans, trucks, lorries and buses. If it is an out of state transaction, the transportation activities can be carried out through roadways as well as railways. If the transaction is coast to coast, it is carried out through ships. And the global transactions are carried through air as well as ships. The goods, information and resources are managed through effective distribution channels. There are separate logistics departments to handle these different types of transactions related to energy and people. There should be a proper balance between the inbound and outbound logistics for accomplishing effective transportation and operations in the market (Harps, 2008). Strategic requirements of global logistics Strategic planning has a great importance in global logistics and is very essential for the business to grow in the right direction. Strategic analysis can be used to forecast the demand and supply of the inventory, manpower, transportation and warehousing. Strategic network consists of the location, number and size of warehouses and dispersion centers and facilities. Strategic alliances or partnerships with the suppliers and distributors producing communication lines for decisive entropy and functional betterments, such as cross dockage, direct transportation and third-party logistics are also important for global logistics (Olavarrieta Ellinger, 1997). Strategic requirements also include product design co-ordination to integrate the new and existing products into the load management of the supply chain. Strategic analysis also supports the supply chain operations through information technology infrastructure. It helps in deciding, what to make and buy for the business. So, the overall organizational strategy is aligned with the supply strategy to support the global logistics operations. References About FedEx. (2008). Retrieved August 22, 2008 from http://about.fedex.designcdt.com/ Harps, L.S. (2008). Best Practices in Todays Distribution Center. Retrieved August 22, 2008 from http://www.inboundlogistics.com/articles/features/0505_feature01.shtml Olavarrieta, S. Ellinger, A.E. (1997). Resource-based theory and strategic logistics research. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management 27(9/10), 559- 587. Tompkins, J.A. Harmelink, D. (2008). 15 Key Factors That Impact Your Distribution Network Effectiveness. Retrieved August 22, 2008 from http://www.tompkinsinc.com/publications/competitive_edge/articles/07-04-Distribution_Networks.asp

Surfacing-Margaret Atwood

Back at her old nature satiated homestead she begins to recall from her mind the clouded thoughts of a mime that was and the memories burled deep In her soul that will eventually surface. I believe the protagonist suffers from a combination of Inferiority complex and anxiety; and stemming from the fact that she has had several failed relationships only solidifies the belief that her Internal disorders magnify and rule her life, but she eventually comes to recognize this.Throughout the story she Intentionally looks for flaws In the people around, and uses this as an excuse for not giving herself to a relationship. She routinely correlates good & evil as a manipulative tool to ensure her isolation. She has suffered rejection, abortion, and the cold and not-so-pretty realities of the world and passes the blame to her parents for not preparing her. It began after her college Professor, a married father, paid for her abortion and left her alone in an ‘abortion house' so she could pa ss away the life of their unborn daughter.Snatched from her womb, she is haunted by the images. She wanted to conceive Joey's baby in order to replace the terminated seedling that she had destroyed. She talks in artful metaphors about that day throughout the story and I didn't fully realize the implications until after she surfaced from the bottom of the cake. As she lay there in the boat recalling the created lies and the distance she had created with her family in order to preserve her sanity I began to flip back toward the beginning correlating the vague and indirect innuendos from earlier in the story.The picturesque wedding at the post office, the daughter that never was, these were all a collage; layered memories, crafted and cleverly constructed in order to hide the ugly truth. Finally, her tattered and broken emotions are able to surface from the bottom of the lake, only to have them buried again as she receives the news of her ethers death from that liar David', and its as if the denial seed would grow new roots again, saving her from yet another brink of despair.She decides she will take the â€Å"Random Samples† of David and Joe with her and reels them out Into the lake, and In doing so I think she is freeing Anne from her life of pain with David. The mind Is a powerful place, and his was a powerful story. My only disappointment was at the end, for not knowing whether or not she and Joe reunited. Was, she really pregnant? Did she regain her sanity? I'd Like to think so†¦ Margaret Atwood tells a story In an absolutely magical way. She has such strong construction of words, blending and layering them effortlessly to construct raw emotion In the process.I'm keeping this one! Surfacing-Margaret Atwood By Marseille their two friendly antagonist acquaintances', Anne & David, have Joined her in the the remote summer lake house, situated on a private island. Back at her old nature time that was and the memories buried deep in her soul that will eventually surface. I believe the protagonist suffers from a combination of inferiority complex and only solidifies the belief that her internal disorders magnify and rule her life, but she eventually comes to recognize this.Throughout the story she intentionally looks for flaws in the people around, and uses this as an excuse for not giving herself to a relationship. She routinely correlates good & evil as a manipulative tool to ensure â€Å"Random Samples† of David and Joe with her and reels them out into the lake, and in doing so I think she is freeing Anne from her life of pain with David. The mind is a Did she regain her sanity? I'd like to think so†¦ Margaret Atwood tells a story in an layering them effortlessly to construct raw emotion in the process. I'm keeping this

How Do Government Deficits And Debt Affect U.s. Economic...

Annotated Bibliography The research question evaluated in this annotated bibliography is â€Å"How do government deficits and debt affect U.S. economic welfare?† The research question addressed by this article is how do deficit and debt effect interest rates? The article begins by showing the complexity of measuring these elements do to the business cycle and its effects on the variables. The author proposes the best way to measure deficit and debts effect on interest rates is to take future values for interest rates and the projected amounts of debt and deficit. This allows for the variables to be measured outside of the business cycle and this providing a cleaner measurement of the different variables. By using debt and deficit projections†¦show more content†¦This theoretical success of the Ponzi gamble makes it feasible for the United States to continually rollover debt with any determent to welfare of future generations. The research question addressed by this article is â€Å"do large deficits produce high interest rates?† The hypothesis of the author is that large deficits do not increase interest rates. The author examines four major time periods in United States history and measures exogenous influences such as government spending, tax revenue, and nominal money stock. Regression analysis is applied to these factors. The author concludes that high deficits do not have the impact on interest rates as had previously been assumed The research question addressed by this article is â€Å"what is the relationship between public and private debt?† First, the article explains the unique negative covariation which occurred between U.S. public and private debt up until the 1980’s. The author then analyses the post 1980 debt-to-income ratio, and find that both public and private debt have increased since 1980. The research question addressed by this article is â€Å"what is the effect of both implicit and explicit debt on long-term interest rates?† The study seeks to find the effects of implicit and explicit debt, and while most studies have focused on explicit debt this study takes an in depth look at the implicit debt and the impact it has on interest rates. Using VAR analyses, the authors find

Castle Garden Was Americas First Immigration Center

Castle Clinton, also referred to as Castle Garden, is a fort and national monument located in Battery Park at the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City. The structure has served as a fort, theater, opera house, national immigrant receiving station, and aquarium throughout its long history. Today, Castle Garden is called Castle Clinton National Monument and serves as the ticket center for ferries to Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty. History of Castle Garden Castle Clinton began its interesting life as a fort built to defend New York Harbor from the British during the War of 1812. Twelve years after the war it was ceded to New York City by the U.S. Army. The former fort reopened in 1824 as Castle Garden, a public cultural center and theatre. Following the passage of the Passenger Act of 3 March 1855, designed to safeguard the health and welfare of immigrant passengers to the U.S., New York passed its own legislation to establish a receiving station for immigrants. Castle Garden was chosen for the site, becoming Americas first immigrant receiving center and welcoming more than 8 million immigrants before it was closed on April 18, 1890. Castle Garden was succeeded by Ellis Island in 1892. In 1896 Castle Garden became the site of the New York City Aquarium, a capacity in which it served until 1946 when plans for the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel called for its demolition. The public outcry at the loss of the popular and historic building saved it from destruction, but the aquarium was closed and Castle Garden stood vacant until it was reopened by the National Park Service in 1975. Castle Garden Immigration Station From August 1, 1855, through April 18, 1890, immigrants arriving in the state of New York came through Castle Garden. Americas first official immigrant examining and processing center, Castle Garden welcomed approximately 8Â  million immigrants — most from Germany, Ireland, England, Scotland, Sweden, Italy, Russia, and Denmark. Castle Garden welcomed its last immigrant on April 18, 1890. After the closing of Castle Garden, immigrants were processed at an old barge office in Manhattan until the opening of the Ellis Island Immigration Center on 1 January 1892. More than one in six native-born Americans are descendants of the eight million immigrants who entered the United States through Castle Garden. Researching Castle Garden Immigrants The free CastleGarden.org database, provided online by the New York Battery Conservancy, allows you to search by name and time period for immigrants who arrived in Castle Garden between 1830 and 1890. Digital copies of many of the ship manifests can be accessed through a paid subscription to Ancestry.coms New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957. Some images are also available for free on FamilySearch. Microfilms of the manifests can also be obtained through your local Family History Center or National Archives (NARA) branches. The CastleGarden database is down somewhat frequently. If you receive an error message, try the alternative search features from Steve Morses Searching the Castle Garden Passenger Lists in One Step. Visiting Castle Garden Located at the southern tip of Manhattan, convenient to NYC bus and subway routes, Castle Clinton National Monument is under the administration of the National Park Service and serves as a visitor center for Manhattans national parks. The walls of the original fort remain intact, and park ranger-led and self-guided tours describe the history of Castle Clinton / Castle Garden. Open daily (except Christmas) from 8:00am to 5:00pm. Admission and tours are free.