Legal Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Legal Philosophy - Essay Example It is not possible to choose one over the other and nor is it possible to stand in between and interrupt the constant tension brought about by it cyclic relation. Whether a particular legal philosophy is merely an abstraction or of practical value is one that is constantly changing in the highway of history where old philosophies are constantly revived and injected with new vigor and applied to new contexts which stimulate to further growth of jurisprudence itself. The application of legal philosophy is found in in a different branch of law, in law practice, legislation and judicial adjudication particularly, and because of this many are of the opinion that jurisprudence does not have value in day to day life. This problem is aggravated by the human errors of lawyers, public officials and other people educated in the nuances of law. The mental stimulations and practical value of jurisprudence is best studied and determined from the tension of the dichotomies of theoretical traditions particularly between legal positivism and natural legalism, legal formalism and legal realism, public choice theories and critical legal studies, liberal and socialist-progressive ideologies, indeterminacy/mystification and determinacy of judicial decisions, and of subjectivism and structuralism. Lon L. Fuller (1981)2, on the purpose of legal philosophy, says: As I see it, the object of legal philosophy is to give an effective and meaningful direction to the work of lawyers, judges, legislatures, and law teachers. If it leaves the activities of these men untouched, it it has no implications for the question of what they do with their working days, then legal philosophy is a failure. Legal Positivism versus Natural Law Theory. For legal positivists, rights are are such and are legal if and only if they are declared to be such by the sovereign legal authority. From their viewpoint, the government exists before the right. The sovereign, in the form of legislature or executive with constitutional legislative powers or an administrative body enacting regulations with status of law, being the exclusive source of law must grant a right otherwise it does not exist. The magistrate only enforces the strictures of the law. For legal positivists, the criterion for validity of law is posited by the sovereing and is other than morality because for them, "it is in no sense a necessary truth that laws reproduce or satisfy certain demands of morality, though, in fact they have often done so. (Hart, p.181-2)3 The law as a social construct is the premise. The moral and political aspect of law is not denied, but positivism insists that the descriptive or conceptual

Hofstedes framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hofstedes framework - Essay Example Ineffective management of productivity, on the other hand, deters productivity.The theory thus provides for effective ways of managing cultural diversity thus influencing the formation of an effective cross-cultural communication that will enhance the interaction in organizations. Culture is an important social feature that influences individual values; this implies that cultural conflicts are likely to result in the conflict of values a feature that will definitely affect the productivity at the workplace. In developing effective cross-cultural communication, Hofstede vouchers for an understanding of the cultural differences. A manager must understand the differences thereby understanding the differences in the values. This way, it becomes easier to appreciate and acknowledge cultural differences thus influencing the development of effective and considerate communication channels in the organization. Human resource managers must always strive to develop cohesive workforces that func tion seamlessly. Creating such a workforce requires the acknowledgment of the cultural differences since they influence the difference in the individual values. This way, the managers can readily discourage the manifestation of the negative personality features that may arise from the cultural differences. With such an in-depth understanding of the cultural differences, Hofstede asserts that it becomes possible for managers to barn particular behaviors while encouraging positive interpersonal skills that enhance productivity.

Ensure The Success Of Your Business Commerce Essay

Ensure The Success Of Your Business Commerce Essay In order to remain in business, business owners and organisations need to take proactive steps all the time to ensure that their businesses remain at a competitive edge, hence the need to strategically manage the human resources of the organisation to ensure overall success of the business. Human resource management (HRM) is a strategic, integrated and coherent approach to the employment, development and well-being of the people working in organisations (Armstrong, 2009). However, Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) is a proactive management of the employees of a company or organisation. Strategic human resource management includes typical human resource components such as hiring, discipline, and payroll, and also involves working with employees in a collaborative manner to boost retention, improve the quality of the work experience, and maximize the mutual benefit of employment for both the employee and the employer. (BusinessDictionary.com) This article will look at different models of strategic HRM, the importance of strategic HRM, an analysis of an HRM framework, the HRM process and the development of strategies as well as an assessment of the roles in strategic HRM. Models of strategic HRM Although there is some acceptance of the idea that strategic HRM should support the strategic direction of the business, there is no agreement on the best way of doing this. Two normative models epitomise the relationship between labour management and organisational strategy. The first is explored in the best practice or universal school. The second approach, where integration between strategic HRM and organisational strategy is an essential feature, is explored in the contingency and configurational schools (Porter, Bingham and Simmonds 2008). Comparison of Universalistic and Contingency models of HRM Universalistic model Contingency model There is an existence of best human resource management practices and all organisations should adopt these best practices. There are not best practices but for effectiveness, an organisations HR policies must be consistent with other aspects of the organisation. A universal relationship exists between individual best practices and the organisations performance. The main contingency factor is the organisations strategy, or the internal and external environment which is described as vertical fit. One single practice leads to a greater organisational performance. They do not consider either synergetic interdependence relationships or integration mechanisms. Many contingent works focus on a single practice i.e. a single practice is dependable on the other to achieve the goal of the organisation. REASONS FOR THE IMPORTANCE OF HRM IN ORGANISATIONS The human resources remains the most important asset of any organisation and the overall importance of human resource management is to ensure that the organisation is able to achieve success through its entire workforce in order to ensure a successful business. In the area of strategy, the HR department improves the organisations bottom line with its knowledge of how human capital affects the success of the organisational as a whole. Leaders with expertise in HR strategic management participate in corporate decision-making that underlies current staffing assessments and projections for future workforce needs based on business demand. It enables the organisation to strategically deal with HR issues which in-turn enables employees to work effectively in order to achieve the organisations goals and objectives. Human resource managements allow organisations to prioritize their organisational and business strategies hence attracting and retaining and the development of competent employees. Another reason of HRM in organisation also lies in its importance as a Legal requirement. The HR department of organisations ensures compliance with employment laws. They complete paperwork necessary for documenting that employees are eligible to work in the U.K. The employment laws also states that employers have an obligation to provide safe working conditions for their entire workforce. Hence, workplace safety and risk management specialists from the HR area manage compliance with U.K. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 by maintaining accurate work logs and records, and developing programs that reduce the number of workplace injuries and fatalities. Workplace safety specialists also engage employees in promoting awareness and safe handling of dangerous equipment and hazardous chemicals. HRM FRAMEWORK The purpose of the HRM framework is to ensure the adoption and implementation of a fair and transparent process which in-turn will retain the valuable skills and experiences of employees within the organisation. It ensures that effective consultation takes place with employees and their representatives on how these processes will be applied, ensuring effective outcomes for employees, customers and all stakeholders. Harvard framework of HRM Harvard framework is a strategic map to guide all managers in their relations with employees and concentrates on the human or soft aspect of HRM. It was developed by Beer et al in 1984. This framework is based on the belief that the problems of historical personnel management can only be solved when general managers develop a viewpoint of how they wish to see employees involved in and developed by the enterprise, and of what HRM policies and practices may achieve those goals. Without either a central philosophy or a strategic vision which can be provided only by general managers HRM is likely to remain a set of independent activities, each guided by its own practice tradition. (Armstrong, 2009) The Harvard model outlines four HR policy areas as follows: Human resource flows recruitment, selection, placement, promotion, appraisal and assessment, promotion, termination Reward systems pay systems, motivation Employee influence delegated levels of authority, responsibility, power Work systems work design and alignment of people. Which in turn lead to the four Cs or HR policies that have to be achieved: Commitment Congruence Competence Cost effectiveness HRM PROCESS AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT HR processes are the basis for the management of customers satisfaction with Human Resources. Customers feel comfortable and their level of satisfaction increases when there is an understanding of the HR processes, how they are connected and how they interact. In order to achieve continuous customer satisfaction these processes needs to be measured and regularly monitored to identify any gaps in the processes and improve on it for the benefit of the all stakeholders. HRM processes The HRM processes consist of the following basic areas: Planning (strategic HR planning, job design) Attracting (recruitment and selection) Attracting applicants from which to begin the selection process. This can either be from internal or external sources. Recruitment is about finding and engaging the people the organisation needs to make up its workforce. Team meetings, notice boards, intranet are methods of sourcing for people internally, and radio/TV adverts, local newspaper adverts, posters, job centre plus recruitment agencies are methods of external recruitment. Selection is assessing the suitability of potential employees and predicting which applicant will be able to carry out a job role successfully. It is characterised by the competence, experience, qualifications, education and training of the applicant. Developing (induction, orientation, training of the work-force, career development, talent management, leadership development, performance appraisal) Training the employee in order to acquire the needed skills for the job. Talent management is the process of identifying, developing, recruiting, retaining and deploying talented people with special gifts, abilities which enable them to perform effectively Retaining (compensation, benefits) HR Controlling HR strategy development HR strategies set out what the organisation intends to do about its human resource management policies and practices and how they should be integrated with the business strategy and each other (Armstrong, 2009). Strategy development is about choosing the most appropriate course of action for the realisation of organisational goals and objectives, in order to achieve the organisational vision. The process of developing HR strategies involves the following steps: Conduct a SWOT analysis of your organization. Determine the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats/risks that affect the business and organization, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of the workforce. The current skills of the workforce should also be taken into consideration in order to identify where skills and/or education levels may be improved. After the SWOT analysis, take a look at the organisations overall performance against target(s) for the previous year(s) in order to find out what how well the organisation has done or what problems, issues and/or challenges were faced. Afterwards identify factors that could be responsible for any change that has taken place. Set quantitative targets by drawing up SMART objectives for the future. SMART objectives are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and timely. Develop an action plan for implementing the HR strategy. Create a timeline for the successful completion of key objectives. As long as the strategy is detailed and also depending on how big the organisation is, options may be made available for heads of departments to choose how best to deal with issues at a departmental level. Introduce and communicate the action plan to your organisation as the overall success of the strategy lies in proper implementation. Organise meetings, discussion and training sessions for senior management to raise awareness and reinforce the importance of their acceptance of the HR strategy plan letting them know how they will benefit from the plan on a personal level. ASSESSMENT OF ROLES IN STRATEGIC HRM The role of human resource managers in strategic HRM is kind of bi-dimensional as they are responsible for the development of strategic solutions that promote departmental and organisational success, and also manage the functional aspects of human resources. Workplace Safety Creating a work environment free from unnecessary hazards is a strategic role of every human resources manager. Strategic development for workplace safety entails risk management and mitigating potential losses from on-the-job injuries and fatalities. Workers compensation insurance is an area in which a strategic plan helps lower company expense for insurance coverage. Reducing accidents through training employees on the proper use of complex machinery and equipment is one of the functional tasks associated with creating a safe work environment. Compensation and Benefits The compensation and benefits structure partly determines the companys business reputation and image. Decisions made by human resources managers pay scales and employee benefits can impact employee satisfaction, as well as the organisations ability to recruit talented workers. Job evaluation, labour market conditions, workforce shortages and budget constraints are factors that HR managers consider in a strategic plan for pay and benefits. Employee Training Human resources managers strategic role with respect to employee training and development prepares the workforce for future positions within the company. Succession planning, promotion-from-within policies and performance evaluation factor into the human resources managers role. Training and development motivate employees, and in some cases, improve employee retention. Recruitment and Selection Employee recruitment and selection is also a part of employee relations though it is a separate discipline itself. Therefore, a human resources managers strategic role is to combine elements of employee relations into the employers recruitment and selection strategy. Employee Relations The sustainance of an employee relations program is an important element of human resource strategy. It includes salaries, benefits, health and safety, training and employee development. The strategic role of a human resources manager in this regard is to determine how to identify and resolve workplace issues that may jeopardize productivity, performance and working relationships. They develop tools such as employee opinion surveys and action plans, monitor compliance with labour and employment laws, address employee concerns, and provide training and guidance to supervisors and managers. In conclusion, the development of effective human resource strategies is vital to the prolonged existence and success of a business. In time past, personnel management was concerned only with the processing of applications, payrolls and staff benefits but human resources strategy today involves executive leadership teams consulting with human resources experts to develop complementary goals for human resources and the overall business.

Schizophrenia: A Matter of Perception? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Schizophrenia: A Matter of Perception? The brain fills the pieces of information transmitted from the sensory environment that are not there or missing. For example, the blind spot in our eyes have no sensory light receptors, hence images focused on that spot are not transmitted to the brain. In fact, a hole should exist in our visual perception from the images projected onto our blind spot. This does not happen as our brain fills in the spaces with ongoing patterns that fit the image of our vision. Also, what we see and what is interpreted from what is seen spreads across a broad spectra from one individual to another. This indicates that there is no real format by which to generalize different individual's perceptions. Every input from the sensory environment is formatted and placed into context by our brain. Our brain organizes each situation into a format that makes sense to our schemata. So what happens when one's train of thought is fragmented and one's brain is unable to organize these fragments into a comprehensib le pattern? Imagine if at times, your experiences become a slide show, fragments of experiences that do not come together. This is, in fact, how many people suffering from schizophrenia describe their experiences (1). Have you ever had an experience or a vision that just does not make sense? Maybe you might not understand the cause and the outcome of a certain experience or situation, but every memory is placed into context. Our brain makes sure of this. So, when seemingly unrelated fragments of information are sent to the brain, it attempts to combine these fragments together into a most logical manner. Is it possible that the reason that schizophrenics have an impaired sense of reality is because their brains logic is askew? Schizophrenia is one of the most severe psychopathologies present today. Its causes are still vague, and the symptoms vary across a large spectrum. However, two generalized grouped of symptoms have been identified for schizophrenics: positive symptoms, and negative symptoms. Negative symptoms include lack of activity, anhedonia, and loss of interest. Positive symptoms include disorganized speech, hallucinations, and delusions experiences (1). Individuals with schizophrenia commonly experience a disorder in their perception. Their surroundings are unreal and their external sensory environment seems different from what they previously knew. In fact, their perceptions become derailed; misinterpreting situations and the chronology of events. They are unable to distinguish between reality and imaginary.

Absolutism in the 17th century Essay

It is said that Louis XIV proclaimed â€Å"I am the state!† Whether or not he really said it is debatable, but the meaning of such a statement is clear. Through the course of the 17th Century various regimes across Europe began to model their states of off the very theme of â€Å"I am the state,†; that is, the monarch personified and had absolute control over his nation. Prior to the 17th Century such absolute control precluded this absolutism. By the time of the 17th Century, however, the conditions were in place for monarchs to take absolute control to shape their nations. The conditions and forces that made absolutism a desirable form of government were the necessity of centralized control, the political instability of the time, and the rise of single sovereignty over a country. Before one goes into what causes states to adopt absolutism, one must understand it. Absolutism is defined as a form of government where â€Å"sovereignty is embodied in the person of the ruler.† The Monarch felt that he had a Divine Right, that is he was responsible to only God, and though he may respect the natural law of where he governed, generally the Monarch attempted to place his realm under absolute control. Measures included elimination of certain freedoms, centralization of power, and the creation of a bureaucracy loyal to the Monarch to help oversee the country. Through these measures, the Monarch was able to control the nobility that always threatened. The Monarch became more and more powerful as he or she began to assert power and institute absolutism. The first reason why absolutism seemed to be a desirable government form was the necessity of centralized power. War was a constant threat to a nation and it’s people. In a country divided into kingdoms and realms ruled by individual nobles and dukes, mobilization for war was a difficult and lengthy task. To better prepare a state for war a country needed a single ruler with the absolute power. Another cause was the need for efficiently raising revenue. A monarch needed absolute control to effectively raise revenue for the cost of maintaining the state. The nation-state became more and more expensive to run during this time due to the increasing frequency of wars, the costs of trade and exploration, and to support the burgeoning bureaucracy. A country divided and ruled by many different people would be  unable to raise sufficient revenue. On the other hand, a country ruled a by a single strong ruler could more easily control and manage finances. In addition, because of the nature of the time, warfare and politics became very personal. Monarchs considered countries an extension of themselves, as exemplified by Louis XIV’s supposed remark â€Å"I am the state!† To achieve this, Monarchs effectively eliminated all competition to their power, that is the nobles and the church. In the era of the Post-Reformation, it was all too easy for Monarchs to seize power from church and nobility, and this further contributed to their power. Another force at play that made absolutism seem desirable was the political instability of the time, both internal and external. France is a paragon example for this. There were many peasant revolts between 1624 and 1648, and â€Å"Nobles and Parlements took advantage of peasant revolts and the Regency to protest their loss of ancient privileges and levels of taxation. Barricades set up in Paris and the mob burst into the King’s bedroom.† King Louis XIII was powerless to stop these insurrections against his rule. Louis XIV soon came to power, and began to assert his royal authority. He put down these peasant revolts, reorganized government, and placed himself at its head. Loyal advisors were installed, and a deal with nobility which surrendered their authority in relation to the Crown in return for authority over their lands. In addition, the size of the military increased, and France began to engage in wars to help solve domestic problems. These wars were generally successful and contributed to an even higher growth in Royal authority. The successes of Louis XIV encouraged other European Monarchs to follow his example. The problems of instability seemed to be only able to fixed with a steady, but iron fist. Absolutism seemed to offer this, as the king would have authority to maintain control without interference from a constitution or a law making body. Finally, the political instability forced Monarchs to take measures that otherwise they would not wanted to take, i.e. levying heavy taxes. When the benefits of these measures came in, Monarchs often looked beyond their ideals to permanently install absolutism. To sum up, the basic political instability of the 17th Century, i.e. wars, peasant revolts, etc. paved the way for Monarchs seizing absolute control to stabilize their nations. The final cause for absolutism was the rise of single sovereignty over a country. In the times of feudalism, more than one person could have sovereignty over an area of a country. Dukes, Counts, and others may claim title to a land in addition to the Monarch’s. However the decline of feudalism brought an end to this. Kings began to assert that there could be only one sovereign to a land, and that was the King. Many new political and legal theories supported the Monarch’s absolute control over land. Jacques-Benigne Bossuet (1627-1704) adapted the medieval concept of kingship in his theory of the Divine Right of Kings, which argued that the king ruled absolutely by will of God, and that to oppose the king in effect constituted rebellion against God. Although people should be excluded from power, God’s purpose in instituting absolute monarchy was to protect and guide society.† Coming from a moral approach, Thomas Hobbes argued that a strong ruler could best control and protect a society. Further justifying absolutism, Monarchs pointed out that it seemed to end Europe’s religious wars and had brought social and political peace. King Louis XIV believed that such absolute rule over a people was the duty of a Monarch, and anything else was failing the people. Essentially, Monarchs based their absolute sovereignty on moral and political justifications. In conclusion, the conditions of the 17th Century made Absolutism seem to be a desirable choice for government, and rightly so. Following the example of France, many countries tried to centralize power. Yet, not all were to be as successful as France. For example, Oliver Cromwell instituted a dictatorship with many absolutist qualities, but this failed as soon as he died. But it is difficult to deny that absolutism was a powerful force in the 17th Century. Absolutism may seem harsh to people of the 21st Century, but for the many of those who experienced it, it was at least beneficial. The political instability of the time, the need to centralize, and the increasing sovereignty of Monarchs all were driving forces in making Absolutism popular and helpful. Despite its problems, absolutism eventually led Europe down the right path.

Do critical approaches Marxism, feminism, constructivism improve our understanding of international politics?

Abstract In the contemporary era, the application of critical theoretical approaches is of significant importance if one is willing to develop a more comprehensive understanding of international politics and international relations. Theoretical approaches, such as Marxism, Constructivism and Feminism cannot alone provide such an understanding, but their convergence and can significantly contribute to our increased awareness of global inequalities and the dimensions in which they occur by placing emphasis in not only on the relationship between the structure and agency, but also question their very nature and scrutinised the normative codes which guide human agency. Despite some of the limitations which the theories have, their complementary use can be used successfully in order to gain a more critical perspective on the nature of world governance. Introduction In the contemporary era, the application of critical theoretical approaches is of significant importance if one is willing to develop a more comprehensive understanding of international politics and international relations. As this essay will demonstrate, although approaches such as Marxism, Constructivism and Feminism cannot alone provide such an understanding, their complementary use can significantly contribute to our increased awareness of global inequalities and the dimensions in which they occur. Marxism The impact of Marxist theory on the development of critical theorising in international politics is one the significance of which can hardly be denied. Despite this, Marxist theorist have often been accused of not taking into account factors such as nationalism, as well as the balance of power among states in order to sustain and structure world politics (Linklater, 2013). Moreover, Marxist theories in the late 1970s and early 1980s found it increasingly difficult to devise an analytical framework for explaining the relationship of nation-states and violence in period of increased globalisation, characterised by increased national fragmentation, as well the resurgence of violent conflicts based on ethnicity (Giddens, 1985). This can the attributed to the inability of traditional Marxist thought to move beyond theorising about the significance of class conflict and the importance of social relations in terms of modes of production. Despite this flaw, more contemporary neo-Marxist theo rists have attempted to revitalise this critical approach by placing emphasis on the relationships between states, markets and the capitalist world economy in the era of globalisation (Teschke, 2003; Halliday, 1994; Rosenberg, 1994; Gamble, 1999). The application of Marxist thought has increasingly drawn attention to the problem of global inequality which the capitalist system has led to (Wallerstein, 1979; Thomas, 1999; Linklater, 2013). Thus, the importance of modes of production have successfully been utilised in order to challenge the economic discrepancy, which is characteristic of contemporary world markets and question the power relationships which exist between states on the international level. Being mainly preoccupied with material deprivation and inequality, however, Marxism has failed to take into account the norms and values which governance the structures of economics and politics, a question which has preoccupied constructivist theories of international relations. Constructivism By contrast to Marxism, Constructivism places emphasis not only on the importance of material structures, but as well as the normative dimension which is associated with it, as well the importance of identity formation and manifestation (Price and Reus-Smit, 1998). Thus, constructivism attempts to remedy the Marxist’s neglect of the importance of agency and its relationship to structure in the process of devising and implementing decisions related to international politics and relations among states in the era of globalisation (Reus-Smit, 2008).Therefore, Constructivism is complimentary to both more traditional approaches of theorising about international politics, such as Rationalism, as well as more critical approaches such as Marxism (Reus-Smit, 2013). More importantly, the significance of human agency is not deprived from the structure which determines the manifestation of the actor’s interests; in fact it calls for the critical evaluation of the institutionalised n orms which are the mediator between structure and agency. This can be of considerable advantage of understanding the contemporary global inequalities which exists, between countries from the Third World and post-industrialist Western states, as it will question not only the existing states of affairs in international politics, but also the moral dimensions of the reasoning behind it. By placing emphasis on the development of normative frameworks which are used as guides and rationale for the implementation of specific decisions in relation to international politics, Constructivism can successfully scrutinise and ‘moralise’ the power inequality among states and if used alongside neo-Marxist theories it can question both structure and agency. What both fail to take into account, however, is that agency in the era of global inequality also has a specific dimension, a problem which is addressed by Feminism. Feminism By contrast to both Marxism and Constructivism, feminist theories of international politics and international relations took prominence only in the early 1990s, though their impact for the development of the academic disciplines has been considerable (True, 2003). Feminism as an intellectual tradition questioned the very nature of the agency which had an impact on the development of international politics and introduced in the notion of ‘gender’ as an empirical category and analytical tool through which global inequality and unequal power distribution could be understood (True, 2013). Thus, Feminism, alongside Constructivism could be considered as a major breakthrough as both of them questioned the more traditional discourse of power relations and moved beyond the singular focus on inter-state relations that characterised more traditional theories in the field of International Relations (ibid.). Feminist thought has attracted attention to the specific dimensions of globa l inequality, resulting from the transformation of economic world markets. In fact, it has been suggested that the process of globalisation has increased the inequality between men and women worldwide, ultimately resulting in a ‘feminisation of poverty’ (Chant, 2007; Chant, 2008). The increased emphasis on export and outsourcing reflecting the priorities of the global financial markets, have disproportionately affected women (Marchand and Runyan 2010). This rise in inequality and insecurity is also linked to the development of violent conflicts in states where inequality between genders is high (Goldstein, 2003). On the other hand, gender equality in states is said to reduce the likelihood of the use of violence in intra-state disputes (Caprioli, 2005; Caprioli and Boyer, 2001). Therefore, it could be argued that the use of more critical perspectives in theorising about international politics could significantly contribute to our understanding of global politics and cou ld potentially results in less violent conflicts in the future if emphasis is placed on the reduction of global inequality and its gendered dimension. Conclusion As this essay has demonstrated, the critical theories of Marxism, Constructivism and Feminism could further our understanding of the nature of global inequalities by placing emphasis in not only on the relationship between the structure and agency, but also question their very nature and scrutinised the normative codes which guide human agency. Despite some of the limitations which these theories have, their complementary use can be used successfully in order to gain a more critical perspective on the nature of world governance. Bibliography Caprioli, M. (2005). Primed for violence: The role of gender inequality in predicting internal conflict. International Studies Quarterly, 49(2), 161-178. Caprioli, M., & Boyer, M. A. (2001). Gender, violence, and international crisis. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 45(4), 503-518. Chant, S. H. (2007). Gender, generation and poverty: exploring the feminisation of poverty in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Edward Elgar Publishing. Chant, S. (2008). The ‘feminisation of poverty’and the ‘feminisation’of anti-poverty programmes: Room for revision?. The Journal of Development Studies, 44(2), 165-197. Gamble, A. (1999). Marxism after communism: beyond realism and historicism. Review of International Studies, 25(5), 127-144. Giddens, A. (1985). The nation-state and violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Goldstein, J. S. (2003). War and gender: How gender shapes the war system and vice versa. Cambridge University Press. Halliday, F. (1994). Rethinking inte rnational relations. Palgrave Macmillan. Linklater, A. (2013) ‘Marxism’, ’ in Burchill, S., Linklater, A., Devetak, R., Donnelly, J., Paterson, M. Reus-Smit, C. and True, J., Theories of international relations (Fifth edition.). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Marchand, M. H., & Runyan, A. S. (Eds.). (2010). Gender and Global Restructuring: sightings, sites and resistances. Routledge. Price, R., & Reus-Smit, C. (1998). Dangerous liaisonsCritical international theory and constructivism. European Journal of International Relations, 4(3), 259-294. Reus-Smit, C. (2008). Reading history through constructivist eyes. Millennium-Journal of International Studies, 37(2), 395-414. Reus-Smit, C. (2013).’ Constructivism’(pp. 217-240), ’ in Burchill, S., Linklater, A., Devetak, R., Donnelly, J., Paterson, M. Reus-Smit, C. and True, J., Theories of international relations (Fifth edition.). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Rosenberg, J. (1994). The empire of civil society (p. 141). London: Verso. Teschke, B. (2003). The myth of 1648: class, geopolitics, and the making of modern international relations. Verso. Thomas, C. (1999). Where is the Third World now?. Review of International Studies, 25(5), 225-244. True, J. (2003). Mainstreaming gender in global public policy. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 5(3), 368-396. True, J. (2013). ‘Feminism’, in Burchill, S., Linklater, A., Devetak, R., Donnelly, J., Paterson, M. Reus Smit, C. and True, J., Theories of international relations (Fifth edition.). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Wallerstein, I. (Ed.). (1979). The capitalist world-economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Romantic Illusion and Vulgar Realism Essays

Romantic Illusion and Vulgar Realism Essays Romantic Illusion and Vulgar Realism Paper Romantic Illusion and Vulgar Realism Paper Gryndal - Professor - English 2328 14 November 2006 Romantic Illusion and Vulgar Realism In the short-story â€Å"Editha,† by William Dean Howells, Howells presents the movement in literature from the idealistic romantic period into modern realism showing the conflict that exists between these ideologies through the expression of sexual dominance. Howells uses the expression of sexual dominance from the highly romanticized views of war to show the catalyst for the conflict between the two forms. The story begins with an air of impending war showing Editha’s romantic views of war in general and her belief in the glory that wars bring those who fight them. Editha was â€Å"a girl who embodied all the nonsense about the heroic romanticism of war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Carter, 231) This deeply romanticized idea of the hero leads her to involve her lover, George. Initially she approaches George in a reserved manner as she â€Å"put a guard upon herself against urging him, by any word or act, to take the part that her whole soul willed him to take, for the completion of her ideal for him. (392) Eventually, though not completely intentionally, she expresses her full nature and focused sexual energy, unguarded, upon her lover; â€Å"her womanhood upon his manhood, without knowing the means she was using to the end she was willing. † (392) As stated by Free, â€Å"Howells implies that merely by expressing her feelings about the war Editha satisfied her own romantic sense. â €  (Free 2) Continuing this manipulation of her lover to its climax, Editha makes even their courtship contingent upon his submission to her belief in this letter to him: â€Å"George: I understood-when you left me. But I think we had better emphasize your meaning that if we cannot be one in everything we had better be one in nothing. So I am sending these things for your keeping till you have made up your mind. â€Å"I shall always love you, and therefore I shall never marry anyone else. But the man I marry must love his country first of all, and be able to say to me, ‘I could not love thee, dear, so much, Loved I not honor more. ’ â€Å"There is no honor above America with me. I have never expected to say so much, but it has come upon me that I must say the utmost. Editha. (394) The letter, wrapped in red, white, and blue ribbon and a package full of all the things, including the engagement ring, that George had given her, were made ready to send to him. This letter exemplifies Editha’s resolve in her romantic thought, fully expecting her lover to yield to her. Unable to resolve the reality of war with her romantic ideals, Editha fanaticizes of her lover returning home le ss a man, †with an empty sleeve†¦Ã¢â‚¬  so that he should be dependant on her and, â€Å"†¦should have three arms instead of two, for both of hers should be his for life. (397) She expresses clearly her need for dominance over her lover, as Furia states, â€Å"with her two arms Editha will have a clear superiority†. (Furia 1) Even after Editha’s mother sternly corrects her manipulation of George saying, â€Å"I guess you’ve done a wicked thing,† (394) she continues, as if unable to consider any view other then her own. George’s death, killed almost immediately in the first wave of combat, causes her a great grief of â€Å"fever that she expected of herself† (398) while at the same time â€Å"she was not even delirious† (398) as she did not expect, nor â€Å"did it last very long. (398) Editha’s inability to accept the reality of this undesired consequence further strengthens her fixed romantic views and her i nability to deal with reality, â€Å"She had visions of him returning heroically home, with some slight wound to testify his courage,† (Carter, 231) however, he did not return home at all, sinking her into a deep, but short-lived depression. â€Å"In the exultation of duty laid upon herit buoyed her up instead of burdening her. † (398) Ultimately, this is where Howells adeptly shows the real superficiality of romanticism. Traveling with her father to her mother-in-law’s home, dressed prideful â€Å"tall and black in her crapes which filled the air with the smell of their dyes,† (399) Editha is unprepared for the reality that Mrs. Gearson, her mother-in-law, presents to her. Mrs. Gearson ends their conversation saying, â€Å"’I thank my God they killed him first, and that he ain’t (sic) livin’ (sic) with their blood on his hands! ’† (399) She continues to express her disdain for Editha’s prideful black clothes, â€Å"’What you got that black on for? †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢take it off, before I tear it from your back! ’† (399) Mrs. Gearson shows Editha’s delusion for what it is and manages to â€Å"nearly to destroy Edithas idealism. † (Piacentino 6) Through out the story Howells has shown numerous examples of Editha’s romantic views and her expression of dominance over her lover, however, it is not until t he final paragraph that he shows the true inability of Editha to depart from her romantic ideals and accept any form of reality. In the closing scene, Editha, recanting the encounter with her mother-in-law to the artist painting her portrait, finds relief in the artists words: â€Å"But how dreadful of her! How perfectly- excuse me- how vulgar! † (400) with that word, vulgar, Editha â€Å"began to live again in the ideal. † (400) †By finding Mrs. Gearsons world vulgar, a world which Editha has always shunned, she can continue to live on in the non-world of the superlatives. † (Englehart, 5) All is right in Editha’s world now, regardless how it may be in any one else’s world. The shallowness of the romanticism leaves us with only †inscrutable silence of the Cheshire cat, content within herself, but unable to communicate with the neurotics that surround her. † (Bellamy 5) This is the superficiality of romanticism; to live in one’s own world without concern for anyone else within it. Howells shows how romanticism and realism simply fail to coexist. †What he was really doing was placing this drama within the context of the larger drama taking place in late nineteenth-century Americathe conflict between the worlds of romantic llusion and of vulgar realism. † (Englehart, 5) Bellamy, Michael O. â€Å"Eros and Thanatos in William Dean Howellss `Editha. † American Literary Realism, Vol. XII, No. 2, Autumn, 1979, pp. 283-87. MLA International Journal. Gale. Carter, Everett. Howells and the Age of Realism. Hamden, Connecticut: Arcon Books, 1966. Engelhart, Carl W. â€Å"Howells EdithaToward Realism † Americana-Austriaca , edited by Klaus Lanzinger, Wilhelm Braumuller, 1974, pp. 3-9. MLA International Journal. Gale. Free, William J. â€Å"Howells `Editha and Pragmatic Belief. Studies in Short Fiction, Vol. III, No. 3, Spring, 1966, pp. 285-92. MLA International Journal. Gale. Furia, Philip. â€Å"Editha: The Feminine View. † American Literary Realism, Vol. XII, No. 2, Autumn, 1979, pp. 278-82. MLA International Journal. Gale. Howells, William Dean. â€Å"Editha. † The American Tradition in American Literature. Ed. George Perkins and Barbara Perkins. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007. 391-400. Piacentino, Edward J. â€Å"Arms in Love and War in Howells `Editha. † Studies in Short Fiction, Vol. 24, No. 4, Fall, 1987, pp. 425-32. MLA International Journal. Gale.

Lyndon Johnsons Effect of AMerican Foriegn Policy Towards Isreal essays

Lyndon Johnsons Effect of AMerican Foriegn Policy Towards Isreal essays The following is a discussion of American foreign policy towards Israel, and the Middle East. In it I will show that Lyndon Johnson changed the regional position and opinion of the United Stated by adapting a pro Israeli stance, categorized by excusing many unadvised forceful actions taken by Israel. It will be shown how Johnsons response to the outbreak of the 1967 War was the major factor in the change. These changes took the first steps in developing the close friendship between America and Israel. Other factors will be discussed. The cold war had a major effect on policy decisions. This will be shown through a historical account of his predecessors policies in their dealings with the region. I will show that American some presidents had pro Israeli feelings, but aimed at staying neutral, and keeping the broadness of American influence in the Middle East. In all dealings, American presidents tried to appease both sides, and keep the peace. It was not until Lyndon Johnson came to power that policy took such pro Israeli turn. His predecessor John F Kennedy set the stage, but its roots lie in the Truman presidency, when Israel was not yet a nation. The analysis next leads to Eisenhower, his stance during the Suez Canal Crisis, gained America a good standing amongst Israelis and Arabs. The foundations for the 1967 war are built on this crisis. Harry Truman looked at the issue through Humanitarian eyes, as did his predecessor, Franklin Roosevelt. The two both truly felt sorry for what had had happened to the Jews and wanted to see some reparations made. These two men had their cabinets, state department and foreign affairs to consider before making a public stance on their Jewish feelings. Truman had a very bureaucratic, and anti Semitic state department to deal with. He called them the striped pants boys. These boys saw no reason to stress the urgent creation of a Jewish state, and were in no hurry...

Advantages Of Bathtub Refinishing

Advantages Of Bathtub Refinishing There are so many ways that we can refurnish our bathtub, as it’s good for our health and our potency. First, it has a lower price than reinstatement. If you would like to buy an entire new bath, it will not only be the acquisition price. You need to think about the cost of the plumber and the restoration of the encompassing environment which requires all the costly, shiny, expensive components. Imagine if you asked someone to design your bathroom, and there is not only designing costs, you will need to pay the plumber as well as the material costs! It might not be a wise choice to dump it so much money to build a new tub when you have other costs to adhere to, furthermore, you should just refurnish it so that it looks brand new and your whole family can enjoy your glamorous new tub! Furthermore, it saves time. The refurbished look can last up to 10 years, if done properly. One might feel the temptation to save money and just take up the whole project by doing it all be yourself. A finishing kit can be obtained in the grocery or hardware shop. If you’re not ready for this, don’t do it, as it requires a lot of preparatory work. The chemical used for refurbishing your bathroom smells and could be detrimental to your health. If you’re not ready for the job, don’t do it. Reconsider your options and use a respirator mask and make sure the room is properly ventilated. Next, you can give new life to your bathroom. There is no need to let dirty fixtures damage your bathroom. You can fix the sink and make it shiny like brand new! If your refurbish your sink and bathtub, you will be able to make your bathroom beautiful again. Once you get a new renovation for your bathroom essentials, it will generally look like a brand new bathroom again! Your whole family will be happy to enjoy sleeping in a bathtub full of roses! It also looks good when your neighbors or family members and friends pop in to visit your place and decided to take a piss. They will definitely be pleasantly surprised at your newly refurbished bathroom. Moreover, it saves time to refurbish your bathtub. It is rather conducive as it only takes you about two days to turn your bathroom looks into a new one. It would definitely be a plus point than replacing your whole bathroom into a new one, as the plumbing costs and the designing costs are also takes a lot of time and you may need to refurbish more than one bathroom. It will take a lot of time if you want to turn every one of your bathroom into a new one. Technically, it will definitely be a hassle if you had to prepare the designs of all the bathrooms in your house! It takes time to talk to discuss with the contractors as well! Lastly, you don’t have to hire a constructor or a plumber to get the job done. The technician can just use chemical cleaner or an industrial spray to apply the top coating of the bathroom and get a whole new look on the primary surface. The chemical smell will disappear in a day, and you’re done! After looking at all the benefits of refurnishing your bathroom, would you rather refurnish it or obtain a new one? Do some research and do not make lofty decisions! Always remember that there is a second option and always make sure that you weigh options before making the final decision.

Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Morality - Essay Example The lies, deception, aggression, bias or secrecy exemplified by politicians and lawyers have a certain practical value as proven by history. The late US president Lyndon Johnson is the perfect example of the practice of lying for the sake of the good. Known by the American citizens as a â€Å"candidate of peace,† Johnson won the election, but secretly launched Operation Rolling Thunder against North Vietnam (Bok 181-182). Nevertheless, although Johnson did not give the citizens a chance to accept or refuse the plan, he did it in order to do what he believed was good for everyone. Besides, had Johnson been transparent and had he given a chance for the electorate to make the decision instead of him, he would have caused not only widespread panic in the whole country but also a possible anarchy or overthrow of the government just to accommodate the people’s rage towards his proposed scheme. The question is not whether it was a wrong decision for Johnson to wage war against North Vietnam but whether the people should be informed at all times every time a decision has to be made. If one chooses to do the latter, then on what basis that should be done? What right do the majority of citizens have in order for them to be qualified to make a political decision in behalf of the government? Perhaps, one has to remember that, in a democratic society like America, the people vote for the President and for the other politicians because they have placed their trust in them. Therefore, whatever Lyndon Johnson did, there was no way the people could put the blame on him for that, because in the first place, the people were the ones who had him elected as President and have somehow given him all the right to make decisions for them. it would therefore be absurd to think that the people voted for someone to make decisions for them but for them to dictate which decisions he should make. It is like hiring a painter to paint your wall, and guiding his hand every time he paints. In such cases, one had better do it himself. The point therefore is that no one can blame politicians for telling lies and for keeping things secret because they would not be doing those things had they not been elected by the people in the first place. Nevertheless, as in the example of Johnson and of many other presidents and politicians who have made drastic decisions in behalf of their country, most of the time the purpose is for the benefit and survival of all. Moreover, when President Franklin Roosevelt made the decision for the United States to join the Second World War, he did not have to consult each and every American, for two reasons – the war would be over even before he finished doing that, or it would certainly be met with tough opposition from religious and peace-oriented groups while Americans at Pearl Harbor were being slaughtered by the Japanese. Secrecy and lies have their own wisdom, and every politician who was honestly elected by his constituent s have every right to do these things if it were to ultimately benefit the people. These negative moral acts also have a practical value based on theoretical philosophy. Although negatively moral, it is true that â€Å"a certain amount of illusion is needed in order for public servants to be effective [and

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(fleet replacement) - Assignment Example try of the values and corresponding correct calculations, the template will automatically analyze and calculate the net present values of each fleet as well as the cost per available seat mile (CASM) of each fleet. From the analysis, it is clear that the purchase price of MD-80 is estimated at $4,000,000 while its sales price after 16 years is estimated to be $100,000. This is different from the purchase price of A-320 which is estimated to be $60,000,000 while its sales price after 16 years is $25,000,000. Alone, from these figures, it can be seen that MD-80 is cheaper than A-320. The discount factors for both fleets is assumed to remain equal at 20% per annum. This is one of the major assumptions taken into consideration while carrying out the analysis. The other assumption will be that the two fleets will be purchasing fuel at the same prices yearly, this is important to enable us compare their cost of fuel usage. Since economic factors must also apply, it is assumed that the fuel costs per gallon will also be increasing each year due to factors such as inflation. This is the reason why the forecasted fuel amounts are increasing per gallon every year. As it will be difficult to estimate mai ntenance costs per year, it is also assumed in the analysis that it will remain constant every year from the first year in each case. The total annual operating costs per fleet is expected to increase every year since the fuel costs are also increasing per year. From a general criterion, it is expected that the aircraft with the lowest net present CASM should be the most efficient in using its finances. This will imply that, from the analysis, the aircraft that will be of best financial choice must be one with the lowest net present CASM. As can be seen evidently from the analysis on the Excel template, MD-80 has a net present value of $56,752,036 while A-320 has $113,457,899. Looking at the Net Present CASM, MD-80 has 0.03116 while A-320 has 0.04471. From these results, it

EIGEN Anallysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

EIGEN Anallysis - Essay Example Eigen value measures potency of axis, quantity of deviation down an axis, and preferably the significance of environmental incline. Eventual accurate implications depend on ordination technique employed. Eigen analysis methods include RDA, DCA, CCA, PCA, and DCCA. Added Eigen values are comparable to greatest variation or correspondence distinctively related with the models. By means of gathering, Eigen values are further divided into constituent roots allocated to every eigenvector. Summation of all components Eigen values equals the computation of the outline of the origin covariance matrix. The number of scores of optimistic constituent of latent values of correlation matrix is directly proportional to the autonomous dimensions of deviation in the same data. Measured variables are equivalent to the positive latent values. Regular matrices that entail covariance and correlation matrices constantly create real number of latent values while non-symmetric matrices produce complex-numb er latent values. Latent values may be thought as ellipsoid model due to set of invariable scalars coupled with the Eigen vector while showing the quantity of variation represented in combining with the initial dimensions. Latent values are the measurement lengthwise of the ellipsoid model's main and trivial axes (Ramamurty 58-61). Eigen has a number of advantages ranging from its quick capability, versatility, elegance, reliability, and good complier support. Eigen allows for explicit factorization with polished contingency to non-factorized code and totally optimizes fixed-sized matrices by avoiding dynamic memory allocation unrolling loops when possible. In addition, Eigen is meticulously accessed via its own analysis set algorithms are cautiously chosen for consistency purposes by evidently documenting reliability substitutions. Eigen further supports every matrix magnitude such as sparse, huge intense, and small sized matrices in addition to all standard numeric types such as s tandard composite, integers and easily extensible numeric types. Ability of Eigen to support various functions also extends to capability of carrying out matrix disintegration and geometry characteristics. Additionally, Eigen is very elegant thus making it easy to implement an algorithm on it and has incredibly a good complier support that guarantees its reliability around any complier bugs at a sensible compilation times (Ramamurty 176). Disintegration of a covariance, correlation matrix into Eigen vectors and Eigen values has hugely assisted in many aspects of life as it is applied in the daily life situations. For instance, Eigen analysis is used in buckling analysis by setting buckling mode shape in the process called classical Euler buckling analysis. This is done by predicting the hypothetical crumpling power of an ultimate expandable formation. It calculates the Eigen values of makeup by considering the structure’s loading and restraints. Buckling weights of numerous a rrangements are enthusiastically accessible from solutions put in charts. In addition, mechanical engineers use nonlinear buckling analysis in foretelling thus permitting the modeling geometric deficiency, loads perturbations, material nonlinearity, and gap to initiate desired buckling mode. Eigenvectors and their matrices ensure venture in structure

Outline of Intercultural communication term paper

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Data Analysis (Applied Research Method) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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EIGEN Anallysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Data Analysis (Applied Research Method) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Data Analysis (Applied Research Method) - Essay Example Household public transport miles per week -0.202 -0.074 -0.085 -0.404* -0.176 0.558** Total leisure miles per household per year 0.584** 0.451* 0.424* 0.398* 0.397* -0.05 -0.161 Total household gas and electric bills per annum 0.498** 0.379 0.491** 0.313 0.544** 0.05 0.003 0.153 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed), *.Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). C2: Number of Negative Correlations Twelve out of 36 independent correlations are observed to be negative correlations. In which number of public transport users in household negatively correlates with total city CO2 emissions per household per annum, number of household members, average household income per annum, number of cars per household and household car miles per year i.e. r = -0.16, -0.12, -0.188, -0.443, -0.235 respectively. Similarly we observe that there re some more negative correlations like Household public transport miles per week verses total city CO2 emissions per household per annum, number of household members, average household income per annum, number of cars per household and household car miles per year i.e. r = -0.202, -0.074, -0.085, -0.404 and -0.176 respectively. Finally we observe that total leisure miles per household per year also negatively correlates with the variables number of public transport users in household and household public transport miles per week i.e. calculated as r = -0.0 5 and -0.161 respectively. C3: r = 0.889 is the most strongly correlated correlation value which has measured by household car miles per year verses total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. C4: Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). A correlation coefficient of r = 0.889 indicates a very good...r = -0.202, -0.074, -0.085, -0.404 and -0.176 respectively. Finally we observe that total leisure miles per household per year also negatively correlates with the variables number of public transport users in household and household public transport miles per week i.e. calculated as r = -0.05 and -0.161 respectively. C4: Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). A correlation coefficient of r = 0.889 indicates a very good linear relationship between household car miles per year and total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. Since r2 = 0.7903, we can say that about 79% of the variation in the household car miles per year is accounted for by a linear relationship with total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. C5: r = -0.16 is the least strongly correlated correlation coefficient value which has measured by number of public transport users in household verses total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. C6: Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). A correlation coefficient of r = -0.16 indicates a strongly weak linear relationship between number of public transport users in household and total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. Bivariate

The Crucible is both timeless and universal discuss Essay Example for Free

The Crucible is both timeless and universal discuss Essay The Crucible, first written and performed in 1953 as the work of Arthur Miller, was written through the perspective of a man living in an era of radical social and economical traumas. Miller wrote his play at a time when America was only just beginning to make its way past the suffering of the Great Depression and during the McCarthy Hysteria of the 1950s. His work is not merely heavily influenced by these outside affectations but it becomes evident to one observing the social and political climates of Millers time that these are in fact the inspiration for his creation. What Miller wrote was an artists answer to human suffering, not only through the hard times of the depression but also through the politics and in particular the ideological war on communism (and indeed all left-wing views), which was taking place. Such a war, Miller noticed, was comparable to the war which Puritan society waged on the Devil during the Salem with trials of 1962 and indeed such wars are equally comparable to Hitlers vendetta against the Jews during WW2. Such wars, such prejudices and long term states of disagreement, have been recorded since biblical times which described the Egyptians forcing the Jews into slavery. The fact exists that war is an unfortunate symptom of the human condition it is an inescapable side effects of what it means to be human. A central focus within the play is hysteria: The whole countrys talkin witchcraft Word of Betty and Ruths mysterious states spreads so rapidly throughout the village because the matter is one which is of concern to everyone in the village. People tell each other because it is a universal matter, not necessarily one shared by people today, but certainly one shared by Salems people at the time to a great extent: The whole worlds gone daft with this nonsense The reason that people react so severely to the situation is because they fear witchcraft in the same way that the society in which Miller was writing in, in 1952 feared communism. The hysteria surrounding the McCarthy incident is easily comparable to the Salem witch trials, because although the fear has changed with time and location the human nature remains the same and the human instinct to protect itself invokes a mass of people grouping together for protection against what is seen as a threatening group. In 2003 this can be seen even more clearly in the aftermath of the September the 11th incident when The Times printed the article: Is Arab a dirty word? Discussing how many people in America associated all those of Arabic descent with acts of terrorism. Once again this paranoia is invoked by a deep fear which has become integrated into the minds of the people in that society. Intricately linked to this are the ideas of good and evil within the play: Its Gods work we do Throughout the play many people, from Proctor not confessing to a lie, to Cheever taking the accused to what he knows may be their deaths, justify their actions through religion claiming that what they do, they do in Gods will and that is a healthy thing to strike out against those opposed: Let you strike out against the Devil Very similarly capitalist Americans in Millers era believed that they were doing good for the world in seeking out communists, who are portrayed by American society as being evil because they oppose capitalism in making the world a better place. In such a situation the commonly viewed good is capitalism where as its antithesis evil can be supposed to be communism. In 2003 the ordinary people of America view themselves as good people who do no great wrong, and yet are being attacked by terrorists. They see terrorism, or more generally the east and those of Arabic descent, as the evil of the world, because the moral framework imposed by society is not accepting of the taking of an innocent life. However, the girls know that those they are accusing are in fact innocent: Lies, lies It is also possible to suggest that later Danforth realises this but becomes part of the conspiracy in order to protect himself and his position: You know in all your black hearts that this be fraud Very similarly at the time of Millers writing senator Joseph McCarthy was accusing people within the government and authoritarian positions of being communists or sympathizers, and encouraging them to confess and name others. This is very much like the situation within the crucible when the girls knowingly blame innocent people because it is, again, in order to protect themselves. In 2003 corruption can be seen within the British and American governments who justified their invasion of Iraq by claiming that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction. However since that time, none have been found and many propose that none exist, but leading figures in the movement such as Tony Blair still knowingly untruly claim that Saddam possessed such items in order to protect their own reputations and positions. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Same sex marriage

Same sex marriage Same sex marriage is also referred to as the gay marriage or homosexual marriage. These kinds of marriages occur between two people who have similar gender characteristics. They are not as popular as the heterosexual form of marriage though their popularity has grown tremendously in the recent past. Again, the widely accepted definition of marriage does not exclude these marriages. According to the definition, marriage is a union of two individuals who are in love with each other. In some countries, they are legal but in other countries they are taken as immoral and should be punished or wiped from the society. For example many African countries are against this form of marriage due to their strict traditions. In countries like Kenya, Muslims who practice this form of marriage are likely to be subjected to mob violence. In the past, gay marriages where not recognized but due to the social changes in the society today some countries (states) have constitutionally recognized them. This essay focuses on the major reasons as to why some countries support this form of marriages while at the same time other countries demonize and reject them. There are both social and legal reasons as to why some countries like Canada, Sweden, Norway, Netherlands and some states in U.S among other countries support same sex marriages (Belgie 1). One of these legal reasons is the constitution which advocates every individuals right to marry whether gay or not. Again, denying same sex partners the right to marry may be interpreted to be discrimination against the minority. This is considering that they are not hurting anyone of the larger society. Studies have also continually indicated that people who get married are better off (emotionally, financially, psychologically and mentally). Based on this fact, same sex marriages will ultimately benefit the partners along the specified lines. From another perspective, they play a very vital role in helping individuals drop sexual lifestyle characterized by high risks. They are also allowed because they generally help in stabilizing the society. This is because stable families are believed to be t he cornerstone to a stable society. There are numerous reasons as to why gay marriages are still considered illegal in many countries. Firstly it is believed that the main objective in marriage is procreation and it is true that same sex couples cannot make babies. They are prohibited because many feel that they threaten the marriage institution. This is because some people are likely leave their partners and engage into the gay practices. Another reason is that gay marriages offend everything that religion stands for. This is because most of the biblical studies advocate for heterosexual form of marriages. Many also feel that the legalization of gay marriages would legitimize homosexuality in the society which spell a new locus in regard to family and society. Many people also feel that the legalization of gay marriages would promote homosexuality in the public schools. This is because marriage is one of the basics taught in school and it legalization would not only inform the children about homosexuality but also enc ourage them into practicing it. The legalizing of the homosexual marriages is highly discouraged by some societies because they fear that it will erode its heterosexual cultural beliefs in the society. Many gay individuals have been pushing for the legalization of this behavior however many governments have rejected them. In U.S, states like California, New York, Rhode Island, Washington D.C, Massachusetts and New Mexico have legalized same sex marriages (Vestal 1). Others are expected to follow suit as the trend gains popularity. This has been heightened by the fact that some of renowned public figures have stood out in their support. Many should however note that gay marriages have both merits and demerits. It may be the countries which have legalized find it advantageous to the society. Works cited Vestal, Christine. Gay marriage legal in six states, April 08, 2009. Retrieved on 15th February, 2010, from http://www.stateline.org/live/details/story?contentId=347390

Embryonic Stem Cells Research Essay -- Biology, Science Experiment

Embryonic stem cells research is a very conflicting subject in the United States. Some people think that it is morally and religiously incorrect as they are killing a human life at the first stage of life. While some think it is ok because the human life to them starts at the stage of the fetus. In this paper we are going to discuss the total aspect meaning: how the government takes playThe intention of this research paper is to inform about the benefits of animal testing for humankind through the development of medical treatments and the quality of life throughout history. Also try to persuade the society that is opposed to this practice about the many positive factors that has given us the animal experiments in the battle against diseases and conditions. By which today are successfully eradicated many viruses and pests that once were fatal. Finally, we will also demonstrate ours arguments availing ourselves of some books and articles published on the internet about this controvers ial issue. Ours purposes are to expose the many positive factors that have animal testing on the few disadvantages that some organizations in most cases deliberately exaggerated. Animal Testing We decided to do this research about the animal testing because is one of the issues that have generated more controversy worldwide over the years. Like any issue that is an international ethical dilemma, there is always a part of the society that supports, and another that condemns it. We intend through this research to determine the reasons why we're all in favor of this practice and support it in its entirety. To reinforce this point of view in this work we have included three arti... ...kes, Alzheimer, birth defects, organ transplant and many more. Imagine how other people will benefit from those studies. We may be even able to assist other countries with the study of embryonic stem cell. We could save people’s lives or make them live a bit longer until a real cure is found. We have reviewed many areas of embryonic stem cells. We have discuses how the government takes play in the research of embryonic stem cells. We also touch how embryonic stem cells are created, and that there are different ways to take embryonic stem cells without destroying the embryo. Finally we were able to find one FDA approved trail going on involving embryonic stem cell research. We still haven’t decided if this is a good or bad research as there are many different aspects and point of views on this controversy topic. Guess we have to agree to disagree on this one.

Essay --

First Aid has a history that dates only 120 years ago, in 1837 the skills of first aid was first introduced to civilians by Woolwich ,London, and Colonel Frances Duncan. (Pearn, 1994 ). First aid was commonly used during the world wars. Today it is used nationwide and there are many different types of first aid treatment. Some different types of first aid treatments are animal bites, burns, cuts, shock, poisoning and insect bite and sting. (Chennai, 2014 ). Animal Bite First Aid Animal’s bites can come from not only dogs but from wild animals also like rabbits, squirrels and skunks. When you are treating these type of bites you want to consider how minor or major the bite is. How to classify a bite as a minor bite you want to look at the bite and determine if the bite barley breaks the skin. (Noseworthy, 1998-2014 ). If you don’t have any sign of rabies it is consider a minor bite. The way you would want to treat a minor animal bite is to wash the biting area thoroughly with soap and water. You also want to apply an antibiotic cream to prevent any infection and cover the bite with a clean bandage. (Noseworthy, 1998-2014 ) If a bite is considered a deep wound it means that the animal bite created a deep puncture of skin or the skin is badly torn and bleeding. The way you would treat these would be to apply pressure with a clean, dry cloth to stop the bleeding you should also see your doctor if bleeding gets worse. (Noseworthy, 1998-2014 ). If you notice signs of infection such as swelling, redness, and increased pain or oozing you are not to treat it but go immediately to your doctor. However if you suspect the animal that bit you has rabies you shouldn’t try to treat it yourself you should see your doctor immediately to treat it.... ... to direct someone to call 9-1-1 and get the AED. Once this is done you begin your chest compression this time you are to use the thumb circulating method in the same place you would if you were doing an adult CPR. (Nina Beaman, 2013).This time with child and infant the compression are five cycles of fifteen and one and one half deep and four centimeters and one hundred a minute. The breaths are still two but u want to give the child or infant enough breaths so that it fills the chest cavity just enough. Remember to count out loud so if help come they can know how many breaths and compressions you already made. (Nina Beaman, 2013). In conclusion knowing first aid and CPR and knowing the procedures could help save a life one day. It can you on the other side of the first aid or CPR to treat the patient that is suffering with the same way you would want to be treated.

Execute a Training Bond Essay

Knowledge is an immeasurable, unique and rich possession which when impacted cannot be retrieved. Knowledge doesn’t decrease when it is given, in fact, knowledge is power. Knowing I can be financially independent and comfortable if I’m given the opportunity to become part of Access bank and also with the knowledge that a training bond can be regarded as the first step to helping me achieve that, then yes, that is the major reason why I want to execute it. I want to execute the training bond program because the incentives associated with it are universal and include increasing one’s earning potential and acquiring additional skills and abilities that are attractive to any organization. Training and development are important factors that would help me develop talent, motivation, and leadership skills that will contribute to a successful personal and professional career. A training bond is an important factor to the success of any organization. As an employee I would like to be a valuable asset that will add to the success of the company and I want to execute the training bond because I believe it will help me achieve that. A training bond supports and makes possible the development of new skills and knowledge. I want to execute the training bond because I know it will polish my abilities at various levels within the organization and assist me in developing the necessary skills and proficiency to be successful in my career as well as prepare for new responsibilities. I support the reasonable implementation of training bonds or training agreements simply because I agree that companies must secure the recovery of their training investments. When they send people to training and the employees acquire important skills, they naturally increase their market value. Trained workers are far more attractive to competiting firms than regular run off the mill workers and companies who overlook the importance of tend to poach qualified employees from their competitors. The Access bank School of banking excellence is a well recognized training platform on the African continent that provides an extensive program which develops the competencies of prospective employees as well as harnesses their commitment to Access bank. In the process of becoming a bona fide and qualified staff of Access bank, I understand that I would be required to undergo a challenging and rigorous training in order to meet the bank standards, training which is second to none in the African and global banking industry and an experience I am looking forward too.

Android and iPhone

Over the past decade, electronic companies such as Samsung and Apple has collaborated with mobile phone carriers, and researched the average consumer that could find many ways to improve the mobile phone. The outcome to this research has born the smartphone. Previously, these smartphones has provided instant access to communication entertainment, internet access, news, calendar, social media, and etc. These smartphones has effect a radical change in the path of modern technology. In 2007, Apple began to be the biggest smartphone to be released. To be the most popular smartphone many companies attempt to imitate the unbeatable features. Although, when technology is involved Google has been coping to keep up with the Iphone to advance the Android software. Partly, Google's android software has become the dominant smartphone that's not manufactured by Apple. For this reason, Android phones are just great as an IPhones. The similarities and differences of between Apple's phones and Android phones. The similarity between the Iphone and Androids phones is the shape of the phone. For example, most of the models has a similar shape like the Iphone by its rectangular and rounded corners shape. Nowadays, you might have seen many of theses Android phones such as, Samsungs and HTC Evo that has the exact shape. Iphone and Android phones has been noticed for their touch screens. Even though there was many disputes about who had the original design structure but the companies continue to manufacture the use of the basic structure for their smartphone. Also, Android and Iphone has authorize an 3G, 4G, and Wifi connection. Most of the modern smartphones has similar downloadable applications and app store. For example, they both have similar notification center, allowing users to view their log of missed calls, text messages, and other notification from the apps. Furthermore, Android and Iphones aren't able to last a day without it being charged but when Apple had invented Iphone 5, they made it convenient for the phone to function up to 3 days without charging it even if you have many apps installed, despite of other phones which can only last for 8 hours. Regards to the two smartphones has shown a way to navigate and search for places to locate your destination. Whoever, you choose either of them will give you the best quality of GPS and navigators. However, both of the smartphones has different type of ways of how it's functioned. The Iphones provide more apps than android phones. Iphones has outreach Android by thousands of apps, more updated, and faster when talking about the speed usage of the apps. For example, the apps on the IPhone has greater quality than the Android. Moreover, IPhone apps doesn't crash as often as an Android. For example, since I been using the IPhone 6S Plus, their have been no crash that I know. Although, when I had the LG 10 before I started having issues with my apps having crashes so, I felt it was normal thing. Although, Androids given users to download whatever apps from any source. Also, Androids apps storage is less precise to software developer. Their software display are way to different. For example, the Androids are known for giving their user a way to customize the theme of the phone keyboard meanwhile IPhone are known for the simple display and easy to use. Android phones have more carrier than Iphones so, it makes them easier to find and it has many phones to choose from. Moreover, Androids has larger screens than Iphone. For example, the Galaxy note has a 5.3†³ screen although the Iphone has 3.5†³ screen. Even though some android phones have bigger screen it could be sometime difficult to use because of how big the screen is fabricated. IPhone are easy to be hold in one hand, in any size you choose. The App Store are more organized than the Play Store. Over the years, Play Store has surely improved by making it easy to navigate but Apple's App Store has made it more favorable. The Apple Store is more straightforward by categories and popular on charts, even the Play Store. However, people will have their personal opinion of how they feel difference between the App Store and the Play Store. iPhones has more paid apps than the Android, but they also have shorter ads. The Apple's apps are free and paid than a Android. Although, Apple's users will be considering to spend money on apps than Google's users. This shows that the apps for IPhone are less filled with ads. For example, the new iPhone XS Max has adjusted to pay some money for a few of the apps for free than on an Android. In conclusion, the IPhone and Android seem to be similar but has many different ways seen between the two smartphone. Both smartphones has lure different crowd of people based on what they believe should be on a smartphone, either they choose an IPhone simple display and high quality apps or Android customize and many variety of apps. The smartphone has developed for many years, which will continue to buy smartphone that people prefer. This will lead to new features, screens, more capacity, and more evolution of the smartphone. Eventually, the development of the smartphone will bring more advancement to modern technology.

Biology of Asthma and Allergic Disease

Biology of Asthma and Allergic Disease I. ABSTRACT The increasing prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases had inspired various researchers to conduct studies that will help understand the main causes, and solutions to the identified problem. This paper is important in creating a wider and deeper awareness and knowledge of asthma and allergic diseases. The study of the Biology of Asthma and Allergic Diseases intends to show the relationship between the increased prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases, and the hygiene hypothesis. The hygiene hypothesis claims that increasing exposure to dirt helps in creating an immune system that helps lower the incidence of asthma and allergic diseases. In this regard, gathering various studies, evaluating and creating lists of valuable evidences, and intelligently presenting them in this paper will help the public in many ways. First, the readers of this paper will have a better understanding of the biology of asthma and allergic diseases and to adopt possible solutions; second, this paper will pose a challenge to researchers, interested on this topic, to conduct further research studies; and third, various institutions studying this phenomenon may utilize this research to further support their claims. II. INTRODUCTION Asthma and allergic disease pose an increasing threat to humans. According to asthma statistics, there are an estimated 300 million people around the world who suffers from asthma, and 250,000 deaths have been attributed to the disease annually (www.aaaai.org). In the United States, there are an estimated 34.1 million Americans during their lifetime, who have been diagnosed with the asthma disease (www.aaaai.org). What is more disturbing is the fact that, about 70% of people with asthma have allergies as well. The American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology estimated that by the year 2025, over 100 million people will have asthma. In a survey conducted in the homes of Americans, it was found out that approximately one quarter had dust mit es allergens in their bed, which is considered high enough level to trigger asthma. Statistics also showed that in 2007, 29% of children who had an allergy to food also had asthma. In fact, asthma was ranked as the third reason for the hospitalization among children under 15 years old (www.aaaai.org). This paper titled Biology of Asthma and Allergic Disease: Hygiene hypothesis explains the biological basis of asthma and allergic diseases and the hygiene hypothesis as its focus area of research. The researcher will also focus on providing a deeper understanding of asthma and allergic disease, in terms of the disease s form, structure, function, growth and development, and behavior. Current researches on the hygiene hypothesis will be presented including the study s aim, methods and results. Moreover, this research paper will explain the value and application of the related research findings to the public health. Likewise, examples will be provided to give the readers with an understa nding of how the presented information can be used in improving the public health policy, programs, and practice. III. RESEARCH The increase cases of asthma and allergic disease around the world have led to various researches and studies of its causes. The International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Children in 2003, revealed that countries such as Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have the highest prevalence of asthma (Holgate, 2004). The percentage rate of children with asthma in these countries was recorded at 20%, way higher than the recorded asthma patients in Central Africa, Central and Eastern Europe and China, which was less than 5% (Holgate, 2004). The report was confirmed when the European Community Respiratory Health Survey gathered almost similar results on difference of the prevalence on adult asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in intercountry samples (Holgate, 2004). Although the suspected cause of the increased asthma may be genetic, a critical role of the environmental factors in the increased prevalence of asthma and other allergic disease is almost certain (Jarvis & Burney, 2000).

Political Socialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Political Socialization - Essay Example As such, this brief analysis will attempt to weigh and analyze the type of different political socialization experiences that have shaped the way in which this author engages or chooses not to engage in the political arena of our nation. The first of these factors can be traced to the fact that although I consider myself to be a believer, I do not allow my individual belief system to dictate in what way my political faith evolves. Although developmental factors have had a profound effect on the way that I engage with the world, view reality, and perceive key issues, I was fortunate in that my upbringing, to include each of the factors that have been previously listed, did not directly influence the way in which I allow my belief to influence my political views (Diemer 246). Obviously, it is impossible to say categorically that my belief system does not influence my political beliefs due to the fact that this belief system is integrally tied to the individual that I am and the way in which I approach key issues; however, I can say that as compared to many of the individuals I know who are deeply involved in politics, the level to which my belief has socialized me with respect to politics is limited. Likewise, perhaps the most important determinant to the way that I have been politicized is the experiences and formative occurrences which were a result of my childhood and the way in which my parents raised me. Although it is difficult to point to a specific example of how it took place, it is not difficult to say that due to the values and morality that my parents sought to pass on to their children, it deeply affected the way I have come to identify with politics and specifically key political issues. In this way, I would say that this socialization determinant is perhaps the most important of all (Pels et al 312). Due to the act that I have always retained a close relationship with my family, the value system which they passed on to me has remained largely intac t with respect to the way I have developed my own political thought process. In much the same vein, I consider the education that I have received to be one of the main factors that have served to socialize my interpretation of politics. Due to the fact that education helps individuals to open their world view and consider aspects of topics that they would otherwise not consider, my educational experience has served to open up topics that the other forms of political socialization I have experienced up until this point have not. It is worth noting that although one cannot consider one aspect of their upbringing and experience as necessarily more powerful than another, I would consider education to be the one factor that is perhaps even more powerful than the world-views and values that were given me by my parents. This is at least partly due to the fact that as a young person I was inspired to question my surroundings and not take things for granted. In this way, due to the fact that I grew up in a household that prided itself in freedom of thought and of expression, I was encouraged from an early age to explore and formulate my own ideas. Although all of these factors have helped to develop the way I engage in the political process, there is of course a final fact that has not been considered (Skhavat 197). This factor revolves around the previous experiences I have had and noted with regards to the political process. Oftentimes I have been told by peers and professors alike that my political views are â€Å"too jaded† for someone of my age. However, due to the fact of the experience that I have witnessed with regards to a litany of